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Evolution > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Evolution

A

change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

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2
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of evolution?

A
  1. mutation
  2. non-random mating
  3. gene flow
  4. genetic drift
  5. natural selection
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3
Q

Natural selection, what is it?

A
  1. variation must exist (the population differs from one another with respect to a trait)
  2. traits must be heritable (trait differences are, at least in part, passed from parent to offspring)
  3. differential reproduction (variation in the traits renders some individuals more successful at surviving and reproducing than others)
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4
Q

What is differential reproduction?

A

variation in the traits renders some individuals more successful at surviving and reproducing than others

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5
Q

Selection happens to _____, but what changes is ______. Individuals do not ______.

A

individuals, populations, evolve

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6
Q

Who were the two authors that discovered natural selection before Darwin and Wallace?

A

W.C. Wells and Patrick Matthew

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7
Q

Which of the 5 mechanisms of evolution are predictable?

A

natural selection

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8
Q

How long ago did the finches that Darwin’s finches descend from invade the archepelago?

A

2-3 million years ago

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9
Q

What type of food do woodpecker and mangrove finches eat?

A

use twigs or cacti spines as tools

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10
Q

What type of food do vegetarian finches eat?

A

leaves and fruit

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11
Q

What type of finch did Grant and Grant study, and where?

A

medium ground finch on Isla Daphne Major

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12
Q

How long can the medium ground finches live for?

A

16 years

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13
Q

What is the generation time of the medium ground finches?

A

4.5 years

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14
Q

What do medium ground finches primarily eat?

A

Seeds

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15
Q

Is the finch population variable?

A

yes

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16
Q

What protein is responsible for beak depth?

A

Bone morphogenic protein 4

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17
Q

When does natural selection change?

A

when the environment changes

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18
Q

Large birds are favored in _______ years, small birds are favored in _____ years.

A

drought, wet

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19
Q

Natural selection acts on phenotypes, but evolution consists of changes in _____ frequencies.

A

allele

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20
Q

Natural selection is forward-looking, and occurs regardless of the environment. True or False?

A

False, natural selection is not forward-looking and only reacts to the environment.

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21
Q

Selection only acts on:

A

existing traits

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22
Q

What type of traits are often lost?

A

complex

23
Q

Why are phylogenies useful?

A
  1. to understand evolutionary relationships between taxa
  2. to ask questions related to the origin on adaptations
  3. to help define taxonomy
24
Q

Derived traits

A

traits that differ from common ancestor

25
Q

What is the first thing you should identify when constructing a tree?

A

the individuals with the most unique characteristics

26
Q

What does it mean when a characteristic is unique to one/a few individuals?

A

the trait must have evolved more recently

27
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

a group consisting of an ancestor and some, but not all of its descendants

28
Q

Fitness

A

an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce

29
Q

Adaptation

A

a trait that increases an organism’s fitness relative to individuals lacking it

30
Q

Is there any conscious intent with natural selection?

A

no

31
Q

What was the premise of Jones’ and Reithel’s experiment in 2001?

A

If color preference by bumblebees could drive the evolution of flower color in snapdragons

32
Q

What type of food do Warbler finches eat?

A

insects, spiders, nectar

33
Q

What type of food do geospiza finches eat?

A

ticks from iguanas and tortoises, seeds

34
Q

Is some of the variation in beak depth heritable?

A

yes

35
Q

Natural selection acts on individuals, where does the consequence of this occur?

A

in the popluation

36
Q

Natural selection does not generate new genetic variation. What does?

A

mutations

37
Q

Evolution results in individuals that are perfect. True or False?

A

false

38
Q

Is natural selection predictable? Does this mean selection is random or non-random?

A

predictable, thus non-random

39
Q

Is natural selection progressive?

A

no

40
Q

Phylogenies

A

hypothesis about evolution from a common ancestry to several descendent lineages

41
Q

Who was the first known phylogeny drawn by?

A

Darwin

42
Q

What type of data is used to construct phylogenies?

A

genetic info and phenotypic traits

43
Q

Trees always start from a _____ ancestral lineage.

A

single

44
Q

Polytony

A

a branch where you are unable to determine who is more related to who

45
Q

any tree contains only:

A

what the marker deemed relevant to the analysis

46
Q

Trees will always reveal a truth. True or false?

A

False, trees are a hypothesis based on data

47
Q

Apormorphy

A

“separate form” - a derived character

48
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

“near form” - an ancestral character, trait that the common ancestor had

49
Q

Synapomorphy

A

“similarly separate form” - a derived character shared by two or more lineages

50
Q

Monophyletic groups

A

clades - consists of an ancestor and all of its descendants

51
Q

What identifies monophyletic groups?

A

synapomorphies

52
Q

Polyphyletic group

A

a group that contains some, but not all of an ancestor’s descendants, and that also excludes the ancestor

53
Q

Since 1980, how many finches have been marked in Grant and Grant’s experiment?

A

100%

Evolution (3 decks)

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