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Bio 121+122 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Proteins that carry substances from one umembrane to another…

A

carrier protein

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2
Q

Helps the cell maintain its shape and internal organization

A

cytoskeleton

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3
Q

outside of the nucleus has organelles and cytosol, fluid inside of cell

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

constant random motion, molecules evenly distributed, spread out higher to lower concentration (w/ gradient), passive, O2 CO2 lipids, don’t need a carrier

A

diffusion

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5
Q

similar to diffusion, movement of molecule depends on concentration, passive, moves w/gradient (high to low concentration), no carrier needed, (glucose moving into muscle cells)

A

facilitated

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6
Q

needs carrier (protein), against gradient low to high concentration, ions like NA+, K+, Ca2+

A

Active transport

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7
Q

like diffusion but w/water, passive, no carrier needed, moves w/gradient (High to low conentration), water

A

Osmosis

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8
Q

Passive, no carrier, (high to low) w/gradient, inorganic ions thro kidneys,

A

filtration

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9
Q

Vescular, movement caused by gradient, carrier (liposomes), moves out of cell, digestive enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters

A

exocytosis

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10
Q

(endocytosis), vescular, movement caused by gradient, carrier (liposomes), moves into cell, microvoli, dissolved solutes, absorbs foreign nutrients

A

Phagocytosis

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11
Q

(endocytosis), Vescular, movement caused by gradient, carrier (liposomes), into cell, microvoli, absorbs all nutrients

A

pinocytosis

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12
Q

1.2% saline, water leaves cell, shrinks

A

hypertonic

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13
Q

0.9% saline, equal water in and out of cell

A

isotonic

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14
Q

0.7%, salt water goes into cell, swells

A

hypotonic

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15
Q

colder temp, small particle, highly permeable membrane, higher solute concentration

A

rapid diffusion

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16
Q

fluid outside of the cell

A

extracellular fluid

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17
Q

increases surface area of plasma membrane for absorption and secretion, modified to form sensory receptors

A

microvilli

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18
Q

basic cell movements, cellular contraction, provides support to cytoplasm of cell, component of certain organelles (centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, flagella) apart of cytoskeleton

A

microfilament

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19
Q

provides mechanical strength to cells, apart of cytoskeleton

A

intermediate filament

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20
Q

essential components of organelles, provides structure/support of cytoplasm of cell, cellular division/transport intercellular, apart of cytoskeleton

A

microtubule

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21
Q

Moves materials over the surface of cells

A

cilla

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22
Q

propels spermatoza

A

flagella

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23
Q

serves as a site of protein synthesis

A

ribosomes

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24
Q

contains digestive enzymes

A

peroxisomes

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25
Q

major sites of ATP synthesis when O2 is available

A

Mitochondria

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26
Q

Synthesizes proteins, usually transported to Golgi appartatus

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

Manufactures lipids/carbohydrates, detoxifies harmful chemicals, stores calcium

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

glycoproteins, function allows for cellular identification

A

marker proteins

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29
Q

attaches one cell to another, cells to extracellular material

A

attachment proteins

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30
Q

increase rate of chemical reactions towards the surface, breaks thro polypeptide bonds to release A.A.

A

enzymes

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31
Q

potassium ion changes shape of channel to original shape (starts outside, 3/2 Na to potassium

A

sodium potassium

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32
Q

ATP powered-pumps, atp used energy to move molecules

A

transport protein

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33
Q

parallel, packages newly synthesized proteins+synthesizes lipids for secretion or internaluse

A

Golgi complex

34
Q

forms passageways thro the plasma membrane allowing specifications or molecules to enter or out the cell,

A

channel proteins

35
Q

functions as binding sites for chemical signals in extracellular fluid binding of chemical signals to receptors triggers cellular responses

A

receptor proteins

36
Q

modifies packages, distributes proteins/lipids for secretion or internal use

A

Golgi appartus

37
Q

organelle containing most genetic material of cell (protons/neutrons)

A

nucleus

38
Q

membrane surrounds nucleus

A

nuclear membrane

39
Q

dispersed, thin strands of DNA/associated proteins, identical copy of chromosome

A

chromatin

40
Q

largest structure of nucleus in eukaryotic cells, ribosomes

A

nucleolous

41
Q

organizes microtubules that serve as cell’s skeletal system

A

centrioles

42
Q

unwinds/unzips (rewinds/rezips)

A

helicase

43
Q

gets strand ready to copy

A

DNA primase

44
Q

reads, adds compliment, checks strand

A

DNA polymerase

45
Q

gaps on lagging strands

A

okazaki fragment

46
Q

fills gaps between ligaments

A

Ligase

47
Q

the top strand

A

leading strand

48
Q

bottom strand

A

lagging strand

49
Q

one original strand, one new strand, conserve one, make new

A

semiconservative

50
Q

functional units of heredity, codes proteins

A

gene

51
Q

Deoxcyribose, nitrogen bases (ATGC) structure (2 polypeptide chains, Helicase), makes instructions for livin creatures to live

A

DNA

52
Q

Ribose, nitrogen bases (AUCG), structure (nucleotides (ribose to phosphategroups)), create proteins w/translation

A

RNA

53
Q

located in nucleus, the reason for process (reliability/performance, to pass on genetic material), needs 2 daughter cells (DNA), compliment pairing (A-T, C-G)

A

replication

54
Q

located in nucleolus, reason for the process is to make code for protein synthesis *mRNA), Cellular materials needed RNA polymerase *single stranded DNA, complimentary RNA stored, base pairing (A-U, C-G)

A

Transcription

55
Q

Located in ribosomes, reason for process protein synthesis, cellular materials needed (ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, various enzyme factors), base pairing (A-U, C-G)

A

Translation

56
Q

When DNA polymerase doesn’t catch an error during replication. causes are errors in replication (DNA polymerase doesn’t recognize errors during transcription), and viruses can spread into system and help sabotage replication making body more prone to disease

A

mutation

57
Q

cell carries out routine metabolic activities

A

G1(interphase)

58
Q

DNA is replicated

A

S (interphase)

59
Q

prepares cell for division

A

G2 (interphase)

60
Q

cell remains (resting) until stimulated to divide, reenters cell cycle

A

G0 (interphase)

61
Q

1st stage when chromatin strands condense to form chromosomes

A

prophase (mitosis)

62
Q

2nd stage time during cell division when the chromosomes line up against the equator of cell

A

Metaphase (mitosis)

63
Q

time during cell division when chromatids divide (not meiosis when chromosome pairs divide)

A

Anaphase (mitosis)

64
Q

time during cell division when chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibers away from cell equator into 2 halves of dividing cell

A

telophase

65
Q

2 new cells are formed

A

cytokinesis

66
Q

why replication of cell cycle is important

A

detects damage/repairs DNA and prevents uncontrolled division

67
Q

What would occur without regulation

A

diseases can occur (cancer) which would eventually kill us

68
Q

3 bases on mRNA

A

codon

69
Q

oppisite of codon (tRNA)

A

anticodon

70
Q

messenger (transcribes DNA)

A

mRNA

71
Q

ribosomal RNA (where proteins are made)

A

rRNA

72
Q

transfers RNA (brings A.A. from cytoplasm to ribosome)

A

tRNA

73
Q
  1. helicase
  2. DNA primase
  3. DNA polymerase, ligase
  4. Helicase
A

DNA replication

74
Q

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types

A

organ

75
Q

the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

A

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

76
Q

Patch that holds cells together (like a clothing strap), in cardiac muscle tissue/bladder tissue

A

Desmosomes

77
Q

anchors/attaches basal cells of epithelium to underlying basement membrane, located in epithelial/basement cells

A

Hemidesmosomes

78
Q

makes barriers, encircles each cell, black substances to press between cells, located in epithelial/free surface

A

Tight junctions

79
Q

provides intercellular communication surrounding water filled pores, located in all solid cells (ions, glucose, A.A. other solutes)

A

Gap Junctions

80
Q

outermost of 3 germ layers of an embryo, forms skin, gives rise to the epidermis/nervous system

A

ectoderm

81
Q

middle of three germ layers of an embryo, forms tissues (muscle, bone, blood vessel)

A

mesoderm

82
Q

innermost of 3 germ layers of an embryo, forms skin

A

Bio 121+122 (1 decks)

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