Exam 2

Question 1

Proteins that carry substances from one umembrane to another…

Answer 1

carrier protein

Question 2

Helps the cell maintain its shape and internal organization

Answer 2

cytoskeleton

Question 3

outside of the nucleus has organelles and cytosol, fluid inside of cell

Answer 3

cytoplasm

Question 4

constant random motion, molecules evenly distributed, spread out higher to lower concentration (w/ gradient), passive, O2 CO2 lipids, don’t need a carrier

Answer 4

diffusion

Question 5

similar to diffusion, movement of molecule depends on concentration, passive, moves w/gradient (high to low concentration), no carrier needed, (glucose moving into muscle cells)

Answer 5

facilitated

Question 6

needs carrier (protein), against gradient low to high concentration, ions like NA+, K+, Ca2+

Answer 6

Active transport

Question 7

like diffusion but w/water, passive, no carrier needed, moves w/gradient (High to low conentration), water

Answer 7

Osmosis

Question 8

Passive, no carrier, (high to low) w/gradient, inorganic ions thro kidneys,

Answer 8

filtration

Question 9

Vescular, movement caused by gradient, carrier (liposomes), moves out of cell, digestive enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters

Answer 9

exocytosis

Question 10

(endocytosis), vescular, movement caused by gradient, carrier (liposomes), moves into cell, microvoli, dissolved solutes, absorbs foreign nutrients

Answer 10

Phagocytosis

Question 11

(endocytosis), Vescular, movement caused by gradient, carrier (liposomes), into cell, microvoli, absorbs all nutrients

Answer 11

pinocytosis

Question 12

1.2% saline, water leaves cell, shrinks

Answer 12

hypertonic

Question 13

0.9% saline, equal water in and out of cell

Answer 13

isotonic

Question 14

0.7%, salt water goes into cell, swells

Answer 14

hypotonic

Question 15

colder temp, small particle, highly permeable membrane, higher solute concentration

Answer 15

rapid diffusion

Question 16

fluid outside of the cell

Answer 16

extracellular fluid

Question 17

increases surface area of plasma membrane for absorption and secretion, modified to form sensory receptors

Answer 17

microvilli

Question 18

basic cell movements, cellular contraction, provides support to cytoplasm of cell, component of certain organelles (centrioles, spindle fibers, cilia, flagella) apart of cytoskeleton

Answer 18

microfilament

Question 19

provides mechanical strength to cells, apart of cytoskeleton

Answer 19

intermediate filament

Question 20

essential components of organelles, provides structure/support of cytoplasm of cell, cellular division/transport intercellular, apart of cytoskeleton

Answer 20

microtubule

Question 21

Moves materials over the surface of cells

Answer 21

cilla

Question 22

propels spermatoza

Answer 22

flagella

Question 23

serves as a site of protein synthesis

Answer 23

ribosomes

Question 24

contains digestive enzymes

Answer 24

peroxisomes

Question 25

major sites of ATP synthesis when O2 is available

Answer 25

Mitochondria

Question 26

Synthesizes proteins, usually transported to Golgi appartatus

Answer 26

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 27

Manufactures lipids/carbohydrates, detoxifies harmful chemicals, stores calcium

Answer 27

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

glycoproteins, function allows for cellular identification

Answer 28

marker proteins

Question 29

attaches one cell to another, cells to extracellular material

Answer 29

attachment proteins

Question 30

increase rate of chemical reactions towards the surface, breaks thro polypeptide bonds to release A.A.

Answer 30

enzymes

Question 31

potassium ion changes shape of channel to original shape (starts outside, 3/2 Na to potassium

Answer 31

sodium potassium

Question 32

ATP powered-pumps, atp used energy to move molecules

Answer 32

transport protein

Question 33

parallel, packages newly synthesized proteins+synthesizes lipids for secretion or internaluse

Answer 33

Golgi complex

Question 34

forms passageways thro the plasma membrane allowing specifications or molecules to enter or out the cell,

Answer 34

channel proteins

Question 35

functions as binding sites for chemical signals in extracellular fluid binding of chemical signals to receptors triggers cellular responses

Answer 35

receptor proteins

Question 36

modifies packages, distributes proteins/lipids for secretion or internal use

Answer 36

Golgi appartus

Question 37

organelle containing most genetic material of cell (protons/neutrons)

Answer 37

nucleus

Question 38

membrane surrounds nucleus

Answer 38

nuclear membrane

Question 39

dispersed, thin strands of DNA/associated proteins, identical copy of chromosome

Answer 39

chromatin

Question 40

largest structure of nucleus in eukaryotic cells, ribosomes

Answer 40

nucleolous

Question 41

organizes microtubules that serve as cell's skeletal system

Answer 41

centrioles

Question 42

unwinds/unzips (rewinds/rezips)

Answer 42

helicase

Question 43

gets strand ready to copy

Answer 43

DNA primase

Question 44

reads, adds compliment, checks strand

Answer 44

DNA polymerase

Question 45

gaps on lagging strands

Answer 45

okazaki fragment

Question 46

fills gaps between ligaments

Answer 46

Ligase

Question 47

the top strand

Answer 47

leading strand

Question 48

bottom strand

Answer 48

lagging strand

Question 49

one original strand, one new strand, conserve one, make new

Answer 49

semiconservative

Question 50

functional units of heredity, codes proteins

Answer 50

gene

Question 51

Deoxcyribose, nitrogen bases (ATGC) structure (2 polypeptide chains, Helicase), makes instructions for livin creatures to live

Answer 51

DNA

Question 52

Ribose, nitrogen bases (AUCG), structure (nucleotides (ribose to phosphategroups)), create proteins w/translation

Answer 52

RNA

Question 53

located in nucleus, the reason for process (reliability/performance, to pass on genetic material), needs 2 daughter cells (DNA), compliment pairing (A-T, C-G)

Answer 53

replication

Question 54

located in nucleolus, reason for the process is to make code for protein synthesis *mRNA), Cellular materials needed RNA polymerase *single stranded DNA, complimentary RNA stored, base pairing (A-U, C-G)

Answer 54

Transcription

Question 55

Located in ribosomes, reason for process protein synthesis, cellular materials needed (ribosomes, mRNA, tRNA, various enzyme factors), base pairing (A-U, C-G)

Answer 55

Translation

Question 56

When DNA polymerase doesn't catch an error during replication. causes are errors in replication (DNA polymerase doesn't recognize errors during transcription), and viruses can spread into system and help sabotage replication making body more prone to disease

Answer 56

mutation

Question 57

cell carries out routine metabolic activities

Answer 57

G1(interphase)

Question 58

DNA is replicated

Answer 58

S (interphase)

Question 59

prepares cell for division

Answer 59

G2 (interphase)

Question 60

cell remains (resting) until stimulated to divide, reenters cell cycle

Answer 60

G0 (interphase)

Question 61

1st stage when chromatin strands condense to form chromosomes

Answer 61

prophase (mitosis)

Question 62

2nd stage time during cell division when the chromosomes line up against the equator of cell

Answer 62

Metaphase (mitosis)

Question 63

time during cell division when chromatids divide (not meiosis when chromosome pairs divide)

Answer 63

Anaphase (mitosis)

Question 64

time during cell division when chromosomes are pulled by spindle fibers away from cell equator into 2 halves of dividing cell

Answer 64

telophase

Question 65

2 new cells are formed

Answer 65

cytokinesis

Question 66

why replication of cell cycle is important

Answer 66

detects damage/repairs DNA and prevents uncontrolled division

Question 67

What would occur without regulation

Answer 67

diseases can occur (cancer) which would eventually kill us

Question 68

3 bases on mRNA

Answer 68

codon

Question 69

oppisite of codon (tRNA)

Answer 69

anticodon

Question 70

messenger (transcribes DNA)

Answer 70

mRNA

Question 71

ribosomal RNA (where proteins are made)

Answer 71

rRNA

Question 72

transfers RNA (brings A.A. from cytoplasm to ribosome)

Answer 72

tRNA

Question 73

1. helicase 2. DNA primase 3. DNA polymerase, ligase 4. Helicase

Answer 73

DNA replication

Question 74

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types

Answer 74

organ

Question 75

the study of tissues and how they are arranged into organs

Answer 75

Histology (microscopic anatomy)

Question 76

Patch that holds cells together (like a clothing strap), in cardiac muscle tissue/bladder tissue

Answer 76

Desmosomes

Question 77

anchors/attaches basal cells of epithelium to underlying basement membrane, located in epithelial/basement cells

Answer 77

Hemidesmosomes

Question 78

makes barriers, encircles each cell, black substances to press between cells, located in epithelial/free surface

Answer 78

Tight junctions

Question 79

provides intercellular communication surrounding water filled pores, located in all solid cells (ions, glucose, A.A. other solutes)

Answer 79

Gap Junctions

Question 80

outermost of 3 germ layers of an embryo, forms skin, gives rise to the epidermis/nervous system

Answer 80

ectoderm

Question 81

middle of three germ layers of an embryo, forms tissues (muscle, bone, blood vessel)

Answer 81

mesoderm

Question 82

innermost of 3 germ layers of an embryo, forms skin