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Cell Bio > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What can you see with a light microscope? With an electron microscope?

A

With a light microscope can see most plant and animal cells along with large organelles and bacteria, an electron microscope can be used to see a small organelle, like a ribosome.

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2
Q

What are 3 similarities and 3 differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes have Nucleoid, circular DNA, Binary Fission replication, Cell wall and Fimbriae, Eukaryotes have Nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, Cytoskeleton, and Mitotic replication of linear double helix DNA.

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3
Q

Function/characteristics of nucleus

A

Contains genetic material in form of chromosomes and chromatin; surrounded by envelope

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4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Selective barrier; allows passage of
nutrients and waste in/out of cell

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5
Q

Nucleolus

A

Specialized structure in the nucleus

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6
Q

Rough ER

A

Site of protein synthesis; has ribosomes on outer surface

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7
Q

Ribosomes

A

Helps assemble proteins

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8
Q

Smooth ER

A

Detoxifies ingested drugs and poisons; synthesis of lipids; carbohydrate metabolism; stores calcium

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9
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Sorting, packaging and shipping center

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10
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membranous sac of enzymes used to
digest macromolecules (phagocytosis)

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11
Q

Vacuoles

A

Usually derived from ER or Golgi;
selective transport and cell waste

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Powerhouse organelle that supplies
eukaryotes with energy via cellular respiration

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13
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Additional energy source for plants using photosynthesis

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14
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Has specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product and then converts it to water

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15
Q

Which organelles are part of the endomembrane system?

A

plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, ER, Golgi, lysosomes, vesicles and vacuoles

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16
Q

What is the endomembrane system?

A

Endomembrane System is an interconnected cellular network

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17
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions found in animal cells?

A

Tight Junction, Desmosomes, Gap Junctions

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18
Q

Tight Junction

A

secure barrier of proteins between adjacent plasma membranes that prevents leakage of extracellular fluid of skin cells (“quilted”)

19
Q

Desmosomes

A

anchor junction that fastens cells together in strongs sheets (muscle-to-muscle)

20
Q

Gap Junctions

A

communicating junctions; protein port that acts as a channel between cell membrane; allows direct cell transfer of small ions and nutrients to pass between cells

21
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

model of cell membrane structure; phospholipid bilayer with drifting protein molecule throughout; selectively permeable

22
Q

Semi permeable

A

regulates passage of substances across the membrane

23
Q

What parts of the plasma membrane are hydrophilic? What parts are hydrophobic?

A

Hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tails.

24
Q

Be able to explain each in detail. What are the six major functions of membrane
proteins?

A
  1. Transport - provide channel to shuttle substances from one side of membrane to other
  2. Enzymatic Activity - serves as active site where target molecules bind
  3. Signal Transduction -a signal molecule causes that receptor protein to change shape, relaying a message to the inside of cell, usually by binding to a cytoplasmic protein
  4. Cell-cell Recognition - proteins serves as temporary identification tags
  5. Intercellular Joining - intercellular adhesion to various kinds of junctions, long lasting
  6. ECM & Cytoskeleton Attachment -stabilize shape of cell and contents via microfilaments; coordinate inter and extracellular exchanges
25
Q

What molecule is involved in cell-cell recognition? What is the difference between a glycolipid and a glycoprotein?

A

Glycoprotein or glycolipids
Glycolipids is where carb attaches to lipid, whereas glycoprotein is where carb attaches to protein

26
Q

What are the three ways cells signal to each other?

A

Gap junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions

27
Q

What are two similarities between GPCRs and ligand-gated ion channels? How are they different?

A

Similarities = both transmembrane receptors and they both require energy
Differences = GCPRs utilize the second messenger cAMP, ligand-gated ion channels are important in synapsis/nervous system

28
Q

What are the three stages of cell signaling? Which occurs outside the cell? Which occurs inside the cell? What is the signal molecule called?

A

Reception, Transduction, and Response
Reception occurs outside the cell, while transduction and response occur inside the cell
Signal molecule is called Ligand (first messenger)

29
Q

What are the three types of transport proteins? Which is responsible for moving water?

A

Channel proteins, carrier proteins, gated channel proteins. Channel proteins are responsible for moving water

30
Q

How are carrier and channel proteins similar? How are they different?

A

Both use passive transport.
Channel Proteins - protein tunnels through bilayer like a tunnel
Carrier Proteins - alternates between 2 different shapes like a see-saw

31
Q

What is diffusion? Does it require energy?

A

Diffusion is the net movement of particles (solvent and solute) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration; driven by a gradient; takes place in any medium. It does not require energy.

32
Q

In terms of concentration gradient, how do molecules diffuse? What is equilibrium (dynamic)?

A

from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Equilibrium is like that seesaw shit

33
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water when a membrane is not permeable to a solute

34
Q

hypertonic vs hypotonic

A

If the solution is hypertonic it will shrink, if its isotonic it will stay the same, if its hypotonic it will swell or burst

35
Q

What is facilitated diffusion, and how is it different from simple diffusion?

A

Facilitated Diffusion - passage of molecules and ions down their electrochemical gradient (no energy required) across a membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins. It’s different from simple diffusion because F D involves the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins.

36
Q

Which major molecule is used in facilitated diffusion? Does it require energy?

A

specific transmembrane transport proteins, it does not require energy

37
Q

What is active transport? What molecule is involved in Active Transport that is not used
in diffusion?

A

the movement of a substance across a cell membrane against its concentration gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins; requires energy. ATP is used.

38
Q

What two molecules are involved in the sodium potassium pump?

A

Sodium (Na+) and potassium (k).

39
Q

What is the major difference between passive transport and active transport?

A

Active transport requires ATP.

40
Q

What is secondary active transport? Be able to explain in terms of gradients

A

Secondary active transport is transport of molecules across the cell membrane utilizing energy in other forms than ATP. This energy comes from the electrochemical gradient created by pumping ions out of the cell (ex: Na+K pump).

41
Q

What are the three types of bulk transport? Which moves molecules into the cell?
Which moves molecules out of the cell? Do they require energy?

A

Phagocytosis, pinocytosis, exocytosis. Endocytosis moves molecules into the cell. Exocytosis moves molecules out of the cell. All require energy.

42
Q

Describe the 2 Types of Transduction Cascades

A

Protein Phosphorylation: a sequence of signaling pathway events where one enzyme phosphorylates another, causing a chain reaction leading to the phosphorylation of thousands of proteins

Second Messenger: small non-protein water-soluble molecules and ions that relay signals received by cell-surface receptors to effector (response) proteins

43
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes make up for their small size with surface area?

A

Cilia

Cell Bio (3 decks)

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