Exam 2 Flashcards
What does Cellular Respiration do?
turn FOOD energy into STORED energy
Kinetic energy is the energy of ___?
motion
Conservation of Energy
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but is converted from one form to another
Chemical Energy is a form of __.
Stored energy
Products of Cellular Respiration:
Heat, Carbon Dioxide, Water
In the combustion of glucose with oxygen to form water and carbon dioxide (C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O), the entropy of products is ___ than the entropy of reactants.
greater
Facts about equilibrium:
- Lowest free energy state
- Most stable configuration for a reaction
- If a reaction is at equilibrium, it is not capable of doing work.
The Delta G for a reaction at equilibrium is __, so there is no ____ energy available to do any work.
Zero, free
When potential energy of products is less than that of reactants, heat ______
is released into the environment
Exergonic
Spontaneous, heat is released
Endergonic
Products have more potent energy, requires net input of energy from surroundings
What is usually the immediate source of energy for an endergonic reaction?
ATP. The hydrolysis of ATP provides the energy needed for an endergonic reaction
Equation with endergonic energy acquired:
ADP + P –> ATP
Where is one place that energy for endergonic reactions can come from?
Energy coupling, basically the exergonic reactions
What is the fate of phosphate group removed when ATP is converted to ADP?
It is acquired by a reactant in an endergonic reaction. By acquiring the phosphate group the reactant acquires energy.
Model of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)
3P, Ribose, and Adenosine A group
What does hydrolysis do in terms of ATP
Hydrolysis breaks the bonds that join the phosphate groups in an ATP molecule.
Irreversible Inhibitors do what?
Permanently render an enzyme inactive. Example: Penicillin
How to overcome competitive inhibitors
Add more Substrates
A ___ inhibitor has a structure that is so similar to the substrate that it can bond to the enzyme just like the substrate
competitive
A ___ inhibitor binds to a site on the enzyme that is not the active site.
non-competitive
Usually, an ____ inhibitor forms a covalent bond with an amino acid side group within the active site, which prevents the substrate from entering the active site or prevents catalytic activity
irreversible
The competitive inhibitor competes with the substrate for the ______ on the enzyme
active site
When the noncompetitive inhibitor is bonded to the enzyme, the shape of the ___ is distorted
enzyme
Enzyme inhibitors disrupt normal interactions between an enzyme and its ____
substrate
An enzyme is ___ when it loses its native conformation and its biological activity
denatured
An enzyme is considered a ___ because it speeds up chemical reactions without being used up
catalyst
An enzyme is considered ___ because of its ability to recognize the shape of a particular molecule
specific
A ____, such as a vitamin, binds to an enzyme and plays a role in catalysis.
Vitamin
When properly aligned, the enzyme and substrate form an enzyme substrate ____
complex
A substrate binds to an enzyme at the ______, where the reaction occurs
active site
In a catalyzed reaction a reactant is often called a _____
substrate
prefix: kin (kinet)
moving
prefix: allo
other
prefix: trans
across
prefix: therm
heat
prefix: ase
enzyme
prefix: sub
under/below
prefix: lac (lact)
milk
prefix: glyc
sweet
prefix: trop
change, turn, move
prefix: extra
outside of
What is glycolysis
the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.
