Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
What is terrorism? What distinguishes it from a regular attack?
A
- politically motivated violence
- directed against soft targets (i.e. civilian, administrative targets)
- to communicate a message to a larger group
- an intention to terrorize a target audience
2
Q
What is extremism? What is its difference from terrorism?
A
- extremism: intolerance toward opposing interests and divergent opinions; radical expression of one’s political values
- “more of an issue of style than content”
- extremism is a precursor to terrorism BUT no matter how offensive one’s thoughts or words are, they are not by thesmelves acts of terrorism
3
Q
Sinn Fein (what is it? when was it established?)
A
- Irish Republican Democratic Socialist Party
- active throughout the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland
- Established 1905
4
Q
ETA
A
- Armed Basque nationalist and separatist terrorist organization established in 1959
- Operated in Spain
- Killed 829 people (340 civilians) and declared a ceasefire in 2010
5
Q
Stockholm Syndrome
A
- condition in which hostages develop a psychological bond with their captors during captivity
- it results from a rather specific set of circumstances, namely the power imbalances contained in hostage-taking, kidnapping, and abusive relationships
6
Q
Troubles Period (when, who are the parties)
A
- Period of conflict in Northern Ireland that lasted about 30 years, from the late 1960s until Good Friday Agreement in 1998
- Catholics predominately consider themselves and hold nationalist (paramilitary; republican) views, they want an independent Ireland free from British Control
- Protestants largely identify as British and Unionist (paramilitary; loyalist), meaning they wish to remain linked to the United Kingdom
- 3500+ dead
7
Q
Bloody Sunday
A
- 30 Jan. 1972
- British Paratroopers fired on demonstrators in Londonderry
- 13 demonstrators were killed
- After this incident, many Catholics became radicalized and some supported the Provisional Irish Republican Army
8
Q
Failed State
A
The government holds tenuous authority and many areas in the country that are not serviced / controlled
- post 2011 Libya
- Yemen after 2015
- Iraq during ISIS
9
Q
Genocide
A
intentional action to destroy a people - usually defined as an ethnic, national, racial, or religious group - in whole or in part
- Rwanda, Holocaust, American Genocide
10
Q
Zapatistas
A
- Zapatistas National Liberation Front
- Championed the cuase of indigenous populations native to Chiapas (a state in Mexico)
- The indigenous population faced starvation, diseases and exploitation by the wealthy landowners
- 1990s, Zapatistas attacking Mexican army
- 2001, Zapatistas evolved into a political movement
11
Q
Nihilism
A
- 19th century Russian philosophical movement
- believed “religion, nationalism and traditional values were at the root of ignorance”, they do not envision a future for the current order
- no clear alternatives as to how society should look like
12
Q
Ramazan Kadryov
A
- leader of the Chechen Republic
- close links to Putin; widespread disappearances and torture
- operations against ISIS and other global Jihadi organizations
13
Q
Red Army Faction
A
- AKA Baader-Meinhof
- 1960s-1970s
- Bank robberies, assassinations, bombings aiming to undermine West German Government
- After the end of the Cold War, their activities subsides and right-wing terrorism began to increase (neo-nazis)
14
Q
Sectarian Violence
A
conflict between religious groups within a broader conflict between ethnonational groups
- Sri Lanka
- Iraq
- Yugoslavia
- Israel / Palestine
15
Q
PLO
A
- Palestinian Liberation Organization
- 1964
- initial purpose of establishing Arab unity and Palestinian state
- Current leader: Mahmoud Abbas
16
Q
Yasser Arafat
A
Chair of Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) from 1969-2004
- President of Palestinian National Authority from 1994-2004
17
Q
Hamas
A
- Palestinian Sunni-Islamic and Nationalist Organization
- 1987
- Ismail Haniyeh
- it won the Palestinian Legislative election and became the de facto governing authority of the Gaza Strip following the 2007 Battle of Gaza
18
Q
Kach
A
- Hard-line Israeli militant group that advocates for the expulsion of Arabs from the Biblical land of Israel
- 1971
- U.S. state listed it as terrorist org. in 1994
- Kach condones violence as a viable method for establishing a religiously homogeneous state
19
Q
PFLP
A
- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
- Secular Palestinian Marxist-Leninist and revolutionary socialist organization founded in 1967
- has consistently been the second-largest of the groups forming the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO founded in 1964)
20
Q
Jihad? Two meanings?
A
- literally means “struggle, effort”
- the Greater Jihad: struggle each person has within themselves
- the lesser Jihad: outward defense of Islam when it is under attack (including armed defense)
- unlike Christian crusades, which was by nature offensive
21
Q
Lord’s Resistance Army
A
- rebel group and heterodox Christian group which operates in northern Uganda, South Sudan, the Central African Republic, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- leader Joseph Kony
- appears to function as a personality cult, seeing as it, in practice, “not motivated by any identifiable political agenda, and its military strategy and tactics reflect this”
- has been accused of widespread human rights violations
- murder, abduction, mutilation, and use of child soldiers
22
Q
Aum Shinrikyo
A
- Japanese Doomsday Cult
- Shoko Asahara founded in 1984
- carried out the deadly Tokyo subway sarin attack in 1995 and was found to have been responsible for another smaller attack the previous year
- 21 deaths and thousands of hospitalizations
23
Q
Army of God
A
- an American Christian terrorist organization that has perpetrated anti-abortion violence
- in addition to the numerous property crimes, the group had committed acts of kidnapping, attempted murder, and murder
- while sharing common ideology and tactics, the group’s, members claim that they rarely communicate with each other; this known more formally as “leaderless resistance”
24
Q
The Hebron Mosque Massacre
A
- 1994
- NY born physician Baruch Goldstein fires on worshippers in the Ibrahim Mosque in Hebron
- killed 29 people and wounded 125 (after this terrorist attack, Hamas started first wave of suicide bombers)
25
Q
Rabin Assassination
A
- 1995
- Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by Jewish extremist, Yigal Amir
- his motive was that he acted “fully within the requirements of Halacha” and saw Rabin as a traitor for his role in the Israeli-Palestinian peace process
26
Q
What is Al-Qaeda
A
- militant Sunni Islamist multi-national organization
- founded in 1988 by Osama bin Laden and several other Arab volunteers who fought against the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan in the 1980s
27
Q
Ayman al-Zawahiri
A
- previous leader of Al Qaeda, bin Laden’s successor
28
Q
Takfiri
A
- a Muslim who accuses another Muslim (or an adherent of another Abrahamic faith) of apostasy (basically not being Muslim enough)
29
Q
Caliphate
A
- an area containing an Islamic steward known as a caliph; a person considered a religious successor to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad and a leader of the entire Muslim community
30
Q
Ruby Ridge
A
- incident in which FBI agents and U.S. marshals engaged in an 11-day standoff with self-proclaimed white separatist Randy Weaver, his family, and a friend named Kevin Harris in an isolated cabin in Idaho
- Weaver’s wife and son and U.S. marshal were killed during siege
- 1992
31
Q
Waco Siege
A
- 51 day standoff between Branch Davidians and federal agents
- ended April 19, 1993 when the religious groups compound near Waco, TX was destroyed in a fire. Nearly 80 people were killed, including 23 children
32
Q
David Koresh
A
- leader of the Branch Davidians
- Anti-government extremist
33
Q
Oklahoma City Bombing
A
- domestic terrorist truck bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, OK, U.S.
- April 19, 1995
- Two anti-government extremists, the bombing killed at least 168 people, injured more than 680 others, and destroyed more than 1/3 of the building
34
Q
Timothy McVeigh
A
- domestic terrorist responsible for the Oklahoma City bombing
- anti-government extremist
- military veteran
35
Q
Pipe Bombs
A
- common pipes, filled with explosives, and then capped on both ends
- nuts, bolts, screws, nails, and other shrapnel are usually taped to pipe bombs for maximum damage
- have been used in attacks against abortion clinics and also by Palestinian suicide bombers
36
Q
Sarin
A
- a nerve gas
- a single drop of nerve agent can shut down the body’s transmitters
37
Q
Dirty Bomb
A
- radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives
38
Q
LTTE
A
- Liberation Tigers of Tamil EELAM
- Tamil miiltant organization that was based in northeastern Sri Lanka
- 1976
- fought to create an independent Tamil state called Tamil Eelam due to the discrimination and violent persecution against Sri Lankan Tamils by the Sinhalese dominated Sri Lankan government
- carried about a number of high profile assassinations including former Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1991 and Sri Lankan President Ranasinghe Premadasas in 1993 (both via suicide bombing)
39
Q
Irgun
A
urban terrorist attacks against British institutions and security forces
- acronym for “National Military Organization in the Land of Israel”
40
Q
King David Hotel Bombing
A
- 1946 conducted by the Jewish terrorist organization Irgun
- King David Hotel housed British military and government officials
- 91 people died, 45 wounded
41
Q
Srebrenica Massacre
A
- 1995
- Bosnia
- 7000+ Bosnian Muslim men and boys were rounded up and killed by the Bosnian Serb forces (worst mass killing in Europe since WWII)
42
Q
Narco Terrorism
A
- the use of drug trafficking to advance the objectives of certain government and terrorist organizations
- less visible and not as pervasive as drug related violence
43
Q
sleeper cell
A
- terrorists who take up residence in countries prior to attacks
44
Q
Asymmetric warfare
A
- a type of war between belligerents whose relative military power differs significantly
45
Q
Zionism
A
- movement for (originally) the reestablishment and (now) development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is not Israel - both right and left wing terrorists targeted not only Israel, but also Jewish civilians around the world
46
Q
Japanese Red Army
A
- communist militant group
- 1971
- goals were to overthrow the Japanese government and the monarchy, as well as to start a world revolution
47
Q
Lod Massacre
A
- 1972
- 3 Japanese Red Army (JRA) members fired into a group of religious pilgrims from Puerto Rico at Israel’s Lod Airport
- 26 people killed, 80 injured
48
Q
Fascism
A
- grew out of social turmoil in Europe as a reaction to the 1917 Bolshevik (Communist) revolution in Russia
- rooted in extreme nationalism that championed the alleged superiority of a particular national heritage or ethno-racial group
- anti-democratic and anti-intellectual
- required extreme obedience to law, order, and state
- created their own conception of Christian church, motherhood, and military duty
- ex: Benito Mussolini (Italian dictator) - eliminated all opposition and democratic institutions
49
Q
Alt-right
A
- abbreviation of alternative right
- loosely connect white supremacist and white nationalist movement
- characterized by heavy use of social media and online memes
50
Q
Grey Wolves
A
- youth organization that has been described as the ultranationalist and neo-fascist political party, MHP’s, paramilitary, and right wing
- rose to prominence during the late 1970s in Turkey
51
Q
Ulster Volunteer Force
A
- 1965
- Northern Ireland
- goals were to combat Irish Republicanism, particularly PIRA and to maintain Northern Ireland’s status as part of the UK
52
Q
Anarchism
A
- political philosophy and movement that is skeptical of all justifications for authority and seeks to abolish the institutions they claim maintain unnecessary coercion and hierarchy, typically including, though not necessarily limited to, the state and capitalism
- did not offer a plan for after the destruction of the state
53
Q
FARC
A
- Fuerzas aradas Revolucionarias de Colombia
- 1964
- Colombia
- Marxist rebel organization that primarily operated in the countryside, class struggle, left-wing extremism
- committed terrorist activities like kidnapping, robberies, assassinations
- lost power in 2000s, peace process began in 2016
54
Q
ELN
A
- National Liberation Army
- Colombia
- Marxist-Leninst guerilla group that brought the Colombian army to a standstill
- more ideological and less hierarchial than FARC
- bombings, extortions, and kidnappings
55
Q
PIRA
A
- Provisional Irish Republican Army
- 1969
- Northern Ireland
- emerged due to split within previous incarnation of the IRA and the broader Irish republican movement, eventually became the dominant faction of the split by 1972
- sought to end British rule in Northern Ireland, facilitate Irish reunification and bring about an independent, socialist republic encompassing all of Ireland
56
Q
PKK
A
- Kurdistan Workers Party
- Kurdish militant political organization
- Left-wing nationalism
- 1978
57
Q
McCarthyism
A
- The practice of making accusations of subversion or threats without proper regard for evidence
- refers to Senator Joseph McCarthy
- has origins in the period in the U.S. known as the second Red Scare, lasting form the late 1940s through the 1950s
- characterized by heightened political repression and a campaigning spreading fear of communist influence on American institutions and of espionage by Soviet Agents
58
Q
Department of Homeland Security
A
- Established November 25, 2002
- an integreation of 22 federal departments and agencies response response to 9/11 terrorist attacks, became official with Homeland Security Act
- in charge of coordinating “a comprehensive national strategy to safeguard the country against terrorism and other national attacks”
- mission: ensure a homeland that is safe, secure, and resilient against terrorism and other hazards
59
Q
DHS Sub-Agencies
A
- Transportation Security Administration (TSA)
- U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
- US Coast Guard (USCG)
- US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)
- US Secret Service (USSS)
- US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS)
- Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
60
Q
PATRIOT Act
A
- Passed Oct. 6, 2001 in response 9/11 terrorist attacks
- Expansion of tools, U.S. law granting law enforcement and federal agents more powers to prevent terrorist attacks
61
Q
DNI
A
- Director of National Intelligence
- April 2005
- responsible for coordinating the various components of the intelligence community
62
Q
NSA
A
- National Security Agency
- National level intelligence agency of the U.S. Department of Defense in authority of the director of National Intelligence
- responsible for global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for foreign and domestic intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, specializing in a discipline known as signals intelligence 1952
63
Q
SIGINT
A
- Signal Intelligence
- interception of signals
- whether communication between people or from electronic signals not directly used in communications
64
Q
HUMINT
A
- Human Intelligence
- “a category of intelligence derived from information collected and provided by human sources”
- typical activities consist of interrogations, covert agents, and conversations with persons having access to information
65
Q
OSINT
A
- Open Source Intelligence
- information collected from publically available electronic and print outlets (newspapers, internet, journals, tv, etc.)
66
Q
MASINT
A
- measurement and signatures intelligence
- detect, track, identify, or describe the distinctive characteristic (signatures) of fixed or dynamic target sources
67
Q
GEOINT
A
- Geospatial Intelligence
- intelligence about the human activity on earth derived from the exploitation and analysis of imagery and geospatial information that describes, assesses, and visually depicts physical features and geographically references activities on the Earth
68
Q
IMINT
A
- Imagery intelligence
- photography, infrared sensors, lasers, electro-optics
69
Q
FBI
A
- Federal Bureau of Investigation
- Domestic Intelligence Collection
70
Q
CIA
A
- Central Intelligence Agency
- International operations
- gathers intelligence internationally, while FBI is domestic
- Can’t operate on domestic soil
71
Q
Target Hardening
A
- an anti-terrorist measure that makes potential targets more difficult to attack (for short-term protection - not a long term solution)
- airport security; visible deployment of security personnel; blocking traffic in certain areas to prevent high yield vehicular bombs; closed-circuit surveillance in urban areas
72
Q
INTERPOL
A
- International organization that facilitates worldwide police cooperation and crime control
- headquartered in Lyon, has seven regional bureaus worldwide
73
Q
Black Power Movement
A
- June 1966
- advocated political independence, economic self-sufficiency, and a cultural reawakening
74
Q
Weather Underground
A
- far-left militant organization
- active in 1969
- create a revolutionary party to overthrow the U.S. government
75
Q
Symbionese Liberation Army
A
- mid 1970s
- small, American far-left organization
- Their militant, loosely Marxist priorities included ending racism, monogamy, the prison system and all other institutions that have made and sustained capitalism
76
Q
Patricia Hearst
A
- kidnapped in 1974 by Symbionese Liberation Army
- kept in a cell for more than 50 days
- participated in a bank robbery - a case of stockholm syndrome
77
Q
Christian Identity Movement
A
- antisemetic and white supremacist interpretation of Christianity which holds that only white people can achieve salvation and paradise
- not organized religion - independent congregations and gangs
78
Q
Patriot Movement
A
- started in 1990s
- considers itself as the true heirs of the ideals of the U.S. constitution with emphasis on individualism; armed citizenry; and minimum interference from government
- not ideologically monolithic; various conspiracy theories that come and go
79
Q
New World Order Conspiracy Theory?
A
- “a secretive globalist group that seeks to erode Americans’ rights, typically beginning with the second amendment, in order to create an all-powerful work government”
- point out sightings of black helicopters thinking that they were UN troops preparing to seize power
- also believed that gun registrations will be used to round up all patriotic Americans
80
Q
Q-Anon
A
- originated in the American far-right political sphere in 2017
- centers on false claims made by an anonymous individual or individuals known as “Q”, those claims have been supplemented by numerous communities and influencers associated with the movement
- core theory is that a cabal of Satanic, cannibalistic sexual abusers of children operating a global child sex trafficking ring conspired against former President Donald Trump during his term in office
- QAnon has direct roots in Pizzagate, an internet conspiracy theory that appeared one year earlier
81
Q
Proud Boys
A
- far-right, neo-fascist, white nationalist, and exclusively male organization that promotes and engages in political violence in the U.S.
- established in 2016
82
Q
Three Percenters
A
- American and Canadian far-right and anti government militia
- advocates gun ownership rights and resistance to the U.S. federal government
83
Q
Extraordinary Rendition
A
- forcibly sending someone to a black site for “enhanced interrogation”
- a method to covertly abduct and detain suspected terrorists in allied countries
