Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Anthropology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Biological Anthropology

A

a study of anatomical and biological aspects of humans and our ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Biocultural Approach

A

studying the close relationship between human biology and culture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the subfields of bio anthropology?

A

osteology, paleoanthropology, paleoprimatology, forensic anthropology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Osteology

A

the study of the skeletal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

the study of hominins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Paleoprimatology

A

the study of ape ancestors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Forensic Anthropology

A

applying knowledge to ID the cause of death outside the care of a physician.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is science?

A

the study of the natural world, the method of observing and measuring things systematically.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Observations

A

recording input from senses or tools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypothesis

A

a testable explanation for the observations made

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Data

A

must be collected, analyzed, and re-tested. It must explain something about the world and can be falsifiable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Theoretical Framework

A

the foundation of knowledge based on interconnecting hypothesizes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What theoretical framework is the basis of bio anthropology?

A

evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the goal of early physical anthropology?

A

scientists were concerned with the categorization of humans and how to name them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Earnest Hooton

A

creator of phrenology, “palm reading” for the skull. He believed that the bumps on a person’s skull could tell personality and criminality. Racial classification. Did some good work for orangutan teeth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

W.W. Howells

A

Hooten’s student; disproved race theory by measuring heads and finding zero clustering or correlations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Carleton Coon

A

Hooten’s student; wanted to continue classifying humans by race. He upheld his theory despite being proven wrong several times. “Origin of Races”, upheld Jim Crow Laws

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Ashley Montague

A

a professor who shared Boaz’s idea of cultural relativism. He believed that humans were equal. UN committee of equality.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Sherwood Washburn

A

Hooten’s last student; The face of biological anthropology as we know it today. He spoke to geneticists, anatomists, and primatologists because he believed that anthropology could benefit and learn from these fields of study. Human bio-culturalism is the result of evolution.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Typology

A

the classification that separates all living things into a species and genus, also known as Binomial Nomenclature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A

Swedish botanist and zoologist, “father of modern taxonomy” as he developed the Binomial Nomenclature system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Samuel G. Morton

A

North American doctor in the 1800s; interested in codifying human variation, collected heads. He believed that people of African descent had small brains compared to people of European descent, who had large brains.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ales Hrdlicka

A

doctor in the 1900s who wanted to establish physical anthropology institutions in the US. He wanted to study how to measure humans and come to an agreement regarding the classification. He created the American Journal of Physical Anthropology and was only interested in studying white men- who he believed to be the apex.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is physical anthropology like now?

A

began in the 1950s when scientists began to study the process of primate evolution and human variation. Darwinism began to be interpreted with genetics. Races are studied as populations, not types or species of humans. They study migration, gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation. Adaptation of form to function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is biological evolution?

A

change in allele frequencies in a population from one generation to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Units of evolution

A

population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Natural selection

A

Beneficial alleles increase in frequency over time in a population because it increases survival/reproduction in individuals with those alleles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Mutation

A

Source of new allele variation; random. Most are neutral or not noticeable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How can a mutation be inherited?

A

The mutation must occur in the parent’s gametes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Gene flow

A

movement of genetic material from one population into another; non-random, affected by barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Why is gene flow non-random?

A

individuals chose to re-locate in order to gain access to new resources.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population from generation to generation and lack directions. Random allele changes from individual death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the only source of new alleles?

A

mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which event has a big impact on small populations?

A

genetic drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Sickle cell allele

A

sickle cell anemia causes red blood cells to sickle, increasing the chances of life-threatening blood clots. However, in areas affected by malaria, sickle cell is advantageous bc plasmodium cannot affect the blood cells and reproduce.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Example of gene flow barrier

A

The development of the Sahara desert caused animals to be trapped or forced to migrate. This is why there are two species of elephants, one in Africa and one in Asia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Founder’s effect

A

A small number of individuals create their own population, there is a shift in alleles from mother population to new population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are the consequences of the Founder’s effect?

A

the gene pool shrinks, and few alleles are left. If a disease or genetic disorder is present in the founding population, it could become more common.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Speciation

A

species integrity is maintained by gene flow, interruption of gene flow leads to speciation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Stasis

A

species stays the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Anagenesis

A

one species changes to another over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cladogenesis

A

species splits off into other species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

List all of the functions of bones

A

protection, support, respiration, mineral storage, locomotion, hearing, hematopoiesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Structure as a function

A

the body structure is supported, the bones keep the soft tissues and spinal chord in place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Protection as a function

A

important organs such as the brain and heart are protected by bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Respiration as a function

A

the muscles and bones in the chest help increase and decrease pressure within the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Mineral storage as a function

A

bones store calcium and phosphorus

48
Q

What is hematopoiesis

A

blood cells are made in the bones, in adults they are made in flat bones

49
Q

Locomotion as a function

A

bones connect muscles, which aid in movement

50
Q

Hearing as a function

A

stirrup, anvil, and hammer bones transmit vibrations into the ear drum

51
Q

What are bones made up of?

A

30% collagen (bends) 70% hydroxyapatite (support)

52
Q

Osteoblasts

A

building cells, tissue from bloodstream

53
Q

Osteoclasts

A

digesting cells, tissue is for resources

54
Q

Osteocytes

A

retired cells, mature, maintain tissue

55
Q

Which of the 3 bone cells is responsible for osteoporosis?

A

osteoclasts

56
Q

Wolff’s Law

A

the law states that bone grows or remodels in response to the mechanical stress or force placed upon it. Habitual loading reinforces bone, but lack of loading weakens the bone.

57
Q

Support for Wolff’s Law

A

long bones are thickest mid-shaft, where bending stress is the highest. curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle.

58
Q

Trabeculae

A

form along lines of stress-woven bone, spongy, Large, bony projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach. Helps bone not be as heavy.

59
Q

Cortical

A

smooth, dense bone

60
Q

Collagen has been likened to what?

A

string cheese because it is stretchy absorbs force

61
Q

Hydroxyapatite has been likened to what?

A

porcelain because it is rigid

62
Q

What is a dendrite?

A

tunnels and signals between osteocytes

63
Q

Axial skeleton

A

is all the bones in the middle axis of body. Cranium, mandible, vertebrae, sacrum, and ribs

64
Q

Appendicular skeleton

A

are all the appendages. Bones of arms and legs and the girdles which include clavicles, scapulae, os coxa, pubic

65
Q

Long bones

A

longer in one direction than it is wide. Clavicle, tibia, metacarpals

66
Q

Flat bones

A

two sides to them that are very close together. Top of head bones, sternum, even ribs

67
Q

Short bones

A

small and blocky, carpals and tarsals

68
Q

Irregular bones

A

the shape of the bones is unlike any other. vertebrae

69
Q

Superior vs inferior

A

superior is higher on the body, inferior is lower on the body

70
Q

Anterior vs posterior

A

anterior is on the front of the body, posterior is on the back of the body

71
Q

Medial vs lateral

A

in regards to the midline, medial is closer and lateral is farther away

72
Q

Proximal vs distal

A

proximal is close to the center of the body, distal is far away

73
Q

Bilateral plane

A

the human skeleton is symmetrical

74
Q

Cost vs benefit analysis

A

every action has a cost; time or energy, but hopefully the benefit outweighs that cost

75
Q

Life goals of primates

A

the actions and choices answer biological needs such as food, water, shelter, and mates

76
Q

T/F: Apes have nuclear families

A

false, monogamy in this sense is distinctly human

77
Q

T/F: Males hunt for the females

A

false, human gender roles do not apply

78
Q

T/F: As an ape, feeding yourself is top priority

A

true

79
Q

T/F: Chimpanzees sleep in a new nest every night

A

true

80
Q

T/F: Apes get bored easily

A

true

81
Q

Affiliative behavior

A

cooperative behavior that reinforces social bonds, ie grooming, food reciprocation

82
Q

Aggressive behavior

A

threats, challenges, and even fighting to establish dominance or defend something

83
Q

Importance of grooming

A

it creates intimacy and trust as the animals are often vunerable

84
Q

What is the most common aggressive behavior?

A

Threats- it is not dangerous and sends a powerful message. Threat yawns, bearing teeth, staring, light eyelids are all threat displays.

85
Q

T/F: Physical fights are common aggressive behaviors.

A

false, fights could win the battle but lose the war if they are too brutal

86
Q

Why do primates group together?

A

the rule of primates is as follows: they have evolved to be highly social animals

87
Q

Primate ecology

A

the study of primates’ relationship with their environment; flora and fauna, food availability vs consumption

88
Q

T/F: Eating habits directly impact group structure.

A

true

89
Q

Example of a folivore

A

Mountain gorillas

90
Q

Example of a frugivore

A

Chimpanzees

91
Q

Example of an insectivore

A

galagos

92
Q

5 foods that apes consume

A

fruits, leaves, insects, gum, meat

93
Q

Example of a gumivore

A

maromosets

94
Q

Example of a carnivore

A

only one, tarsiers

95
Q

Preferred foods

A

foods that are high in quality but not always in abundance. primates will eat these first.

96
Q

Fallback foods

A

more important than preferred because they get the animals through the hardest times. often strange, random foods that can be found or scavenged; ie meat or roots

97
Q

Grouping strategy

A

smaller groups are better for scarcer resources (fruits) and have low protection. larger groups are better for abundant resources (leaves) and have high protection.

98
Q

T/F: Primates will change their grouping strategy based on resource availability.

A

true

99
Q

Should I stay or should I disperse?

A
100
Q

Cost of groups

A

sharing food and resource restriction

101
Q

Benefits of groups

A

protection because there are more options for the predator, alarm calls for food/danger

102
Q

Why do apes commit infanticide

A

it may be beneficial to kill individuals that aren’t genetically related in order to secure resources for your own

103
Q

Fusion-fision

A

social behavior in which the group sleeps together at night but small groups of individuals forage for food during the day (chimps)

104
Q

Defensible resources

A

physically or verbally defendable; ie fruit trees

105
Q

T/F: Gorillas have defensible resources.

A

false, they just eat leafs :3

106
Q

Matrilines

A

females stay in the group and males come in and out

107
Q

Predator load

A

based on the size of the primate; small primates have more predators, and the largest primates only worry about leopards

108
Q

Hierarchies

A

dominant acts between the same sex. males compete for more females and females compete for high-ranking males

109
Q

Coalition

A

affiliative behavior between individuals in order to rise to the top of the hierarchy

110
Q

Solitary

A

individuals have their own territory, although males may overlap with females (orangutans)

111
Q

Polyandrous

A

multiple males and one female, rare as it only occurs when there are multiple offspring (marmosets)

112
Q

Monogamous

A

pair-bonding male and female defending territory (gibbons)

113
Q

Polygynous

A

single male defending multiple females (gorillas)

114
Q

Multimale polygynous

A

multi-male group with more females (chimps)

115
Q

Bachelor

A

male-dominated, young and immature (teens)

116
Q

T/F: Hrdlicka made a revolutionary theory.

A

true, he noted that native Americans crossed the Bering strait

Biological Anthropology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions