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Invertebrate Biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

trPlatyhelminthes

A
  • no known synapomorphies
  • anterior brain connected to nerve cords (usually 2)
  • no anus
  • flat = high surface area to volume ratio
  • waste exits by diffusion, helped by
    flame cells
  • simultaneous hermaphrodites
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2
Q

special characteristics of Platyhelminthes

A
  • 34,000 species
  • respiratory & circulatory system
  • 80% parasitic
  • triploblastic
  • acoelomate
  • bilaterally symmetrical
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3
Q

Platyhelminthesis

A

flatworm

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4
Q

tripoblastic

A

3 embryonic cell layers

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5
Q

acoelomate

A

lacking coelom

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6
Q

classes of Phylum Platyhelminthes

A
  • class turbellaria
  • class castoda
  • class monogenea
  • class trematoda
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7
Q

class Castoda

A
  • 6,000 species
  • found in vertebrates
  • syncytial tegnment, heavily folded
  • no mouth or digestive tract: diffusion
  • scolex
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8
Q

scolex

A

anterior structure with hooks/suckers to attach

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9
Q

life cycle of Castoda

A
  • adult (in intestine of host)
  • eggs leave with feces
  • eggs enter intermediate host
  • eggs hatch into oncosphere larvae
  • oncosphere lyses (dissolve) intestine of
    intermediate host, form cysts
  • intermediate host consumed by
    definitive host, matures in intestine
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10
Q

class Monogenea

A
  • 8,000 species of fish ectoparasites
  • no intermediate host
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11
Q

life cycle of Monogenea

A
  • adult on fish
  • make eggs
  • oncomiracidium larvae
  • attach to fish
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12
Q

ectoparasites

A

attach to outside of fish

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13
Q

haptors of Monogenea

A

POSTERIOR attachment organ that has suckers and hooks for attachment

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14
Q

prohaptors of Monogenea

A

ANTERIOR attachment organ that has suckers and hooks

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15
Q

class Trematoda

A
  • 8000 species
  • all parasites, all vertebrate
    definitive hosts
  • Ex chinese liner fluke
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16
Q

life cycle of Trematoda

A
  • adult in definitive host —> eggs
  • eggs released into environment, hatch
    into free living, gutless miracidium
    larvae
  • miracidium enters 1st intermediate host
  • miracidium -> spirocyst -> redia larvae
    -> cercaria
  • cercaria exits
  • cercaria enters 2nd intermediate host
  • becomes encysted metacercaria,
    develops further
  • 2nd intermediate host eaten by
    definitive host, migrate to appropriate
    place and mature
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17
Q

Gnathiferans

A

clade of small spiralians characterized by jaws

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18
Q

Phylum’s within Gnathiferans

A
  • phylum micrognathozoa
  • phylum gnathostomulida
  • phylum rotifera
  • phylum acanthocephala
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19
Q

Phylum Micrognathozoa

A
  • 1 freshwater species from cold spring
    in greenland
  • make resting eggs to survive winter
  • about 1/10 mm, 15 part jaws with
    supporting muscles
  • forehead cilia move food to jaws
  • reproduce by parthenogenesis
  • protandrous? male first then female
    later
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20
Q

Phylum Gnathostomulida

A
  • 100 marine species
  • tiny worms that live in interstitial spaces
    (b/t sand)
  • can live in anoxic habitats
  • no respiratory/circulatory system
  • simultaneous hermaphroditic
  • eggs fertilize internally, released, no
    larvae
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21
Q

anoxic

A

without oxygen

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22
Q

Phylum Rotifera

A
  • > 2000 species, freshwater
  • corona: ciliated anterior bring in food
  • muscular pharynx with jaws
  • toes with adhesive glands
  • lots of muscle
  • lack resp. and circ. system
  • free living omnivores
  • move with corona also looping
  • brain
  • antennae as mechano and
    chemoreceptors
  • simple photoreceptors
  • short lived eutely
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23
Q

eutely

A

constant number of cells

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24
Q

Phylum Nemertea

A

-1300 marine
- up to 20 cm, rarely to 30 cm
- circulatory system: no heart, no valves
- pigmented photoreceptors: up to 80

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25
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A
  • > 100,000
  • extremely flexible body plan
  • mantle cavity: exit for excretory,
    reproductive system, holds ctenidia,
    involved in feeding, gills: use
    countercurrent exchange to maximize
    oxygen uptake
  • blood circulatory system: close system
    in cephalopods, open in others, most
    have heart (s), hemoglobin or
    hemocyanin
  • metanephridia
  • complete digestive system
  • reproduce sexually
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26
Q

defining characteristics for Phylum Mollusca

A
  • dorsal mantle secretes calcareous shell
  • radula in esophagus (helps to eat)
  • ventral foot
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27
Q

classes of Mollusca

A
  • class polyplacophora
  • class gastropoda
  • class bivalvia
  • class cephalopoda
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28
Q

Polyplacophora

A

chitons

29
Q

Class Polyplacophora

A
  • 7 or 8 dorsal shell plates
  • dorsal/lateral mantle skirt = girdle
  • girdle allows for suction
  • up to 80 ventral ctenida on either side
  • ventral foot moves with predal waves
  • live close to shore in intertidal shore
  • sensory structures and nervous system
    reduced
  • feed by scraping algae from rocks
30
Q

Gastropoda

A

snails and slugs

31
Q

Class Gastropoda

A
  • largest class > 60,000
  • freshwater, marine, terrestrial
  • shell anatomy: most lean to left
32
Q

defining characteristics for class Gastropoda

A
  • operculum = proteinaceous foot shield
  • torsion = 180 degree twisting of head
    and foot
  • visceral mass protected by single shell
  • muscular foot moves by pedal waves
33
Q

Groups of Gastropoda (6)

A
  • prosobranchs
  • pulmonates
  • opisthobranchs
  • nadibranchs
  • pteropods
  • bubble snail
34
Q

Prosobranchs

A
  • marine, diverse feeding strategies
  • carnivorous species are venomous,
    inject with hollow radula tooth
  • siphon morphology: varies by ecology
  • carnivores have larger siphons to
    detect prey
  • herbivores have smaller siphons b/c
    they don’t detect prey
35
Q

Pulmonates

A
  • slugs and snails, terrestrial or
    freshwater
  • mantle cavity highly modified: highly
    vascularized (lack ctenidia)
  • few have operculum
  • herbivores
36
Q

Opisthobranchs

A
  • marine, lack shell, operculum, gills,
    mantle cavity, limited torsion
  • no shell: alternative defenses
  • cerata: hold nematocysts
  • chemical defenses
37
Q

Nadibranchs

A
  • soft bodies
  • marine
  • shed shell after larvae stage
38
Q

Bubble snails

A
  • small shells
  • don’t cover body
  • burrow through sand with head
39
Q

class Bivalvia

A
  • 9200
  • anatomy: skulls open with springy
    ligament
  • typically sedentary lifestyle
  • lack cephalization
  • no rodula
  • all aquatic
  • suspension-feeders
40
Q

defining characteristics for class Bivalvia

A
  • hinged, 2-valves
  • laterally flattened
41
Q

groups of Bivalvia

A
  • protobranchia
  • lamellibranchs
42
Q

Protobranchia

A
  • most primitive bivalves
  • small, gastropod like gills mainly for
    respiration
  • feed by palp proboscides
  • marine, soft sediments
  • gills: water passes through incurrent
    chamber then excurerent chamber
  • gills attached by immotile cilia
  • particles sorted: eat organics, expel
    pseudofeces
43
Q

Lamellibranchs

A
  • marine, freshwater bivalves
  • important for food, ecology,
    environmental monitoring
  • gills modified to collect food
  • byssus gland: secrete own adhesive
  • gill modification: larger, ciliated food
    grooves, pseudofeces can be helpful
    source of nutrients
44
Q

Lamellibranchs reproduction

A
  • external fertilization
  • trochophore larva, then veliger
  • draw in sperm with incurrent siphon,
    internal fertilization, glochidia larvae
  • glochidia larvae attach parasitically to
    fish gills
45
Q

Zebra muscle (lamellibranch example)

A
  • black sea native
  • widespread in E. US
  • grow in dense mats
46
Q

ecological effects of zebra muscle

A
  • filter
  • increase water clarity
  • increase good algae
  • compete with zooplankton
  • change nutrient dynamics
  • kill birds
47
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A
  • quick predators
  • marine
  • < 2 cm to 15 m
  • radule & ctenidia
  • highly developed head
  • highly developed sensory structures
  • muscular hydrostat appendages
  • dense muscle fibers with central nerve
    fiber & vasculature
  • muscle tissue is liquid
48
Q

defining characteristics of class Cephalopoda

A
  • shell divided by septa
  • chambers connected by siphuncle
  • closed circulatory system
  • modified foot –> arms, siphon
  • ganglia fused to form large brain
49
Q

ctenidia

A

internal gills

50
Q

Cephalopoda reproduction

A
  • hectocotylus: modified male arm
    transfers spermatophores to female
51
Q

Cephalopoda shell

A
  • few external shell
  • spiral, linked by siphuncle
52
Q

siphuncle

A
  • calcified tube
  • regulates water/air
53
Q

phylum Acanthocephala

A
  • 1200 vertebrate gut parasite, freshwater fishes
  • few cm, body = gonad
  • extendable spined proboscis attach to host
  • males have cement glands
  • alter behavior of hosts
  • complex life cycle
54
Q

class Turbellaria

A
  • 4500
  • free-living, marine
  • < 1 cm
  • eyes: simple pigmented cups
  • variety of special sensorys: pressure, chemical
  • benthic
  • branching gut, loop by duo glands
55
Q

class Turbellaria reproduction

A
  • male and female parts
  • sperm transfer is reciprocal
  • penis fencing
56
Q

benthic

A

live on bottom, move by cilia, pedal waves/looping

57
Q

Cephalopoda movement

A
  • jet propulsion
  • arms
  • fins
58
Q

Cephalopoda circulatory system

A
  • systemic heart, branchial heart for each gill
  • high levels of hemocyanin, very efficient
59
Q

evolutionary theme

A
  • internal shells: very flexible, doesn’t affect movement
  • octipi: complete lack shell
  • paper nautilus: fake shell, secrete shell when have eggs to protect, very fragile, males stay to help with children
60
Q

lack of shell

A
  • lack of protection
  • iridocytes: iridescence
  • stack cells together to create color shifts
  • changes color quickly
61
Q

inking

A
  • melanin
  • neurotransmitters
  • mucous
62
Q

neurotrans

A

warns others of same kind there is danger in area

63
Q

mucous

A

keeps cloud thick and long lasting to let them propel away

64
Q

photophores (cephalopoda)

A
  • light cells/organs
  • bioluminescence: startles predator
65
Q

cephalization

A
  • ability to form memories
  • learn
  • distinguish objects based on shape and texture
  • can’t distinguish objects by weight
66
Q

eye types (2)

A
  • nautius: simple
  • other: sharp images
67
Q

vertebrate eye

A

came from outfolding of brain tussues

68
Q

cephalopod eye

A

infolding of ectoderm

Invertebrate Biology (2 decks)

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