Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biol 261 > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does damaged tissues release in the extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

tissue thromboplastin (factor iii)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does prothrombin activator do

A

converts prothrombin to thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what enzyme catalyzes a reaction that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

how does blood flow prevent blot clots

A

rapidly carries excess thrombin away and keeping its concentration low to prevent excess clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what substance initiates the intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

hageman factor (factor xii)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

when factor x (stuart prower) is activated in both the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanism, they follow the same path of coagulation, this is known as…

A

common pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

order of blood coagulation in the intrinsic mechanism

A

blood contacts foreign surface ➡️ hageman factor ➡️ prothrombin activator ➡️ prothrombin to thrombin ➡️ fibrinogen to fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

order of blood coagulation in extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

damage to tissue or vessel ➡️ tissue thromboplastin ➡️ prothrombin activator ➡️ prothrombin to thrombin ➡️ fibrinogen to fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how are blood clots dissolved

A

fibrin threads absorb plasminogen, then plasminogen activator is released from the lysosomes to convert plasminogen to plasmin, plasmin digest fibrin threads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the von willebrand factor

A

plasma protein that facilitates the binding of platelets to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

location of right coronary artery

A

passes along atrioventricular sulcus between right atrium and right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

two branches of the right coronary artery and their locations

A

posterior interventricular artery: travels along posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies posterior walls of both ventricles

right marginal branch: passes along lower border of heart to supply right atrium and right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

two branches of the left coronary artery and their locations

A

circumflex branch: follows atrioventricular sulcus between left atrium and left ventricle to supply blood to left atrium and ventricle

anterior interventricular artery: lies anterior to interventricular sulcus and supplies both ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

location of coronary sinus

A

posterior atrioventricular sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

most abundant and least abundant leukocytes

A

most: neutrophils
least: basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the formed elements in the blood arise from

A

hematopoietic stem cells/hemocytoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what myeloid stem cells does granulocytes arise from

A

myeloblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what myeloid stem cell does platelets/thrombocytes arise from

A

megakaryoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what myeloid stem cell does rbcs arise from

A

erythroblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what stem cells do agranulocytes arise from

A

monocytes: myloid stem cells called monoblasts

lymphocytes: lymphoid stem cells called lymphoblasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

rbc counts for males and females

A

males: 4700000-6100000
females: 4200000-5400000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

define polycythemia

A

excessive rbcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

define hemolytic anemia

A

decreased rbcs caused by bacterial infections or failed blood transfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

define pernicious anemia

A

decreased rbcs caused by not enough intrinsic factor to absorb b12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

define aplastic anemia

A

decreased rbcs by destruction of red bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

define iron deficiency anemia

A

decreased hemoglobin due to dietary malnourishment or menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

define thalassemia

A

abnormal hemoglobin caused by rbcs being short lived from a gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what colors do neutrophils appear and how many lobes

A

light purple to pink and has many lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what leukocytes are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what colors do eosinophils appear and how many lobes

A

deep red and two lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what color does basophils appear and how many lobes

A

deep blue and many granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

what color does monocytes appear and what is shape of nuclei

A

light purple with kidney or bean shaped nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what color does lymphocytes appear and what is shape of nuclei

A

deep purple and spherical nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

normal wbc count

A

3500-10500/mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

leukocytosis vs. leukopenia

A

leukocytosis: excess wbc
leukopenia: low wbc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what does thromboxane a2 do

A

chemical released by platelets that stimulates aggregation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

thombocytosis vs. thrombocytopenia

A

thrombocytosis: high platelet
thrombocytopenia: low platelet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

normal platelet counts

A

150000 to 4000000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what plasma proteins help with antibodies of immunity

A

gamma globulins

40
Q

what plasma proteins helps colloid osmotic pressure

A

albumins

41
Q

define cardiac tamponade

A

fluid builds up in pericardial cavity and restricts hearts ability to properly pump blood

42
Q

define ischemia and angina pectoris

A

thrombus or embolus that partially blocks coronary artery causing a decrease in blood flow to myocardium; causing painful condition called angina pectoris

43
Q

define myocardial infarction

A

blood clot completely blocking coronary artery causing death of myocardial tisue

44
Q

location of sa node

A

below epicardium on right atrium near superior vena cava

45
Q

function of internodal atrial muscle

A

conduct impulses to more distant regions of atria

46
Q

aortic sound comes from the ___ side of the second intercostal space and the pulmonic sound comes from the ___ side

A

right; left

47
Q

what is responsible for nervous system regulation of the heart

A

cardiac center of medulla oblongata

48
Q

what is the tunica interna composed of

A

simple squamous epithelium called endothelium

49
Q

what is tunica media composed of

A

smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue

50
Q

what is tunica externa composed of

A

connective tissue with irregular elastic and collagen fibers; has vasa vasorum on outside

51
Q

what system stimulates the smooth muscle of arterial walls

A

sympathetic vasomotor fibers

52
Q

where are continuous capillaries found

A

connective and nervous tissues; skin

53
Q

where are fenestrated capillaries found

A

endocrine glands, kidneys, small intestine

54
Q

where are sinusoidal capillaries found

A

liver, spleen, red bone marrow

55
Q

pulmonary edema vs peripheral edema

A

pulmonary: left ventricle of mitral valve doesnt function properly causing pressure to increase and fluid to escape in lungs

peripheral: right ventricle doesnt function properly causing blood to bacl up in systemic veins causing pressure to increase and fluid be forced out causing tissues to swell

56
Q

how is cardiac output determined

A

stroke volume x heart rate

57
Q

dehydration causes low blood pressure, how do hormones get blood pressure back up

A

adh is secreted by posterior pituitary to make kidneys keep water; renin is secreted with stimulates the RAAS that leads to production of angiogetsin ii which is a vasoconstrictor

58
Q

how is blood pressure determined

A

cardiac output x peripheral resistance

59
Q

how is stroke volume determined

A

edv (amount of blood in ventricle following diastole) - esv (amount of blood in ventricle following systole)

59
Q

how is stroke volume determined

A

edv (amount of blood in ventricle following diastole) - esv (amount of blood in ventricle following systole)

60
Q

how does respiratory movements help move venous blood

A

inspiration causes throacic cavity pressure to decrease and abdominal cavity pressure to increase, causing blood to go from the abdominal space to thoracic space

61
Q

how can increased central venous pressure cause peripheral edema

A

if heart fails to beat, pressure increases in the right atrium causing blood to back up into peripheral veins, raising their pressure, this higher pressure forces fluid out into tissues

62
Q

what arteries branch from ascending aorta

A

right and left coronary arteries

63
Q

what arteries branch from aortic arch

A

brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian

64
Q

what arteries branch from the descending thoracic aorta

A

bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, mediastinal, posterior intercostal

65
Q

what arteries branch from the descending abdominal aorta

A

celiac, phrenic, superior mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, lumbar, middle sacral, common iliac

66
Q

what branches from the brachiocephalic trunk

A

right common carotid and right subclavian

67
Q

what branches from the subclavian artery

A

vertebral, thyrocervical, costocervical

68
Q

what branches from the right and left common carotid artery

A

internal and external carotid

69
Q

what branches from the internal carotid

A

opthalamic, posterior communicating, anterior choroid

70
Q

what branches from the external carotid artery

A

superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, superficial temporal

71
Q

trace the order of the arteries in the upper limbs

A

subclavian to axillary to brachial to radial and ulnar

72
Q

how does blood reach thoracic wall

A

subclavian artery and thoracic aorta

73
Q

where does posterior and anterior intercostal arteries arise from

A

posterior: thoracic aorta
anterior: internal thoracic artery from subclavian

73
Q

where does posterior and anterior intercostal arteries arise from

A

posterior: thoracic aorta
anterior: internal thoracic artery from subclavian

74
Q

what supplies anterior and posterior abdominal wall

A

anterior: internal thoracic and external iliac
posterior: phrenic and lumbar arteries from abdominal aorta

75
Q

branches of internal iliac artery

A

iliolumbar, superior and inferior gluteal, internal pudenal, superior and inferior vesicle, middle rectal, uterine, obturator

76
Q

branches of femoral artery

A

superficial circumflex, superficial epigastric, superficial and deep pudendal, deep femoral, deep genicular

77
Q

branches of external iliac artery

A

inferior epigastric and deep circumflex

78
Q

external iliac artery branches to become the ___ artery which the branches to

A

femoral; popliteal, then anterior and posterior tibial

79
Q

what does anterior tibial artery divide to

A

dorsalis pedis

80
Q

what does posterior tibial artery divide to

A

medial and lateral plantar, fibular artery

81
Q

_____ and _____ veins merge to form brachiocephalic veins which merge to form the _____ vena cava

A

internal jugular and subclavian; superior

82
Q

external jugular drains into

A

subclavian vein

83
Q

trace deep venous drainage in the upper limb

A

digital to radial and ulnar, to brachial

84
Q

the ___ & ___ veins merge to form the axillary veins; the ___ & ___ veins merge to form the subclavian vein

A

basilic & brachial; cephalic & axillary

84
Q

the basilic vein joins the ___ vein and cephalic veins join the ___ vein both of the superficial network

A

brachial; axillary

85
Q

what veins drain the abdominal wall

A

brachiocephalic and azygos

86
Q

where and what do hepatic portal veins drain

A

drain the gastric, superior and inferior mesenteric, and splenic vein, all into the liver

87
Q

the hepatic veins goes back to the ___ from the liver

A

inferior vena cava

88
Q

what veins empty into the inferior vena cava

A

hepatic, lumbar, gonadal, renal, suprarenal, phrenic

89
Q

trace venous drainage from deep veins in lower limbs

A

anterior and posterior tibial, to popliteal, to femoral, to external iliac, to common iliac, to inferior vena cava

90
Q

what are the two major trunks of the superficial veins in the lower limb

A

small saphenous, great saphenous (longest vein in body)

91
Q

how is blood transported away from the reproductive, urinary, and digestive systems

A

internal iliac veins unite with the eternal iliac veins, then common iliac veins, the inferior vena cava

92
Q

what are the functions of anithrombin, heparin, and prostacyclin

A

anithrombin: produced by plasma alpha gobulin that interferes with action of thrombin
heparin: produced by basophils interferes with formation of prothrombin activator
prostcyclin: produced by endothelial cells that inhibits adherence of platelets to them

93
Q

antigens are also known as ___ and antibodies are also known as ___

A

agglutinogens; agglutinins

94
Q

what is the most abundant cation in the blood? anion?

A

both are ions!
cation: sodium
anion: chloride

biol 261 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions