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exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what does damaged tissues release in the extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

tissue thromboplastin (factor iii)

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2
Q

what does prothrombin activator do

A

converts prothrombin to thrombin

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3
Q

what enzyme catalyzes a reaction that converts fibrinogen to fibrin

A

thrombin

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4
Q

how does blood flow prevent blot clots

A

rapidly carries excess thrombin away and keeping its concentration low to prevent excess clotting

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5
Q

what substance initiates the intrinsic clotting mechanism

A

hageman factor (factor xii)

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6
Q

when factor x (stuart prower) is activated in both the extrinsic and intrinsic mechanism, they follow the same path of coagulation, this is known as…

A

common pathway

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7
Q

order of blood coagulation in the intrinsic mechanism

A

blood contacts foreign surface ➡️ hageman factor ➡️ prothrombin activator ➡️ prothrombin to thrombin ➡️ fibrinogen to fibrin

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8
Q

order of blood coagulation in extrinsic clotting mechanism

A

damage to tissue or vessel ➡️ tissue thromboplastin ➡️ prothrombin activator ➡️ prothrombin to thrombin ➡️ fibrinogen to fibrin

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9
Q

how are blood clots dissolved

A

fibrin threads absorb plasminogen, then plasminogen activator is released from the lysosomes to convert plasminogen to plasmin, plasmin digest fibrin threads

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10
Q

what is the von willebrand factor

A

plasma protein that facilitates the binding of platelets to one another

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11
Q

location of right coronary artery

A

passes along atrioventricular sulcus between right atrium and right ventricle

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12
Q

two branches of the right coronary artery and their locations

A

posterior interventricular artery: travels along posterior interventricular sulcus and supplies posterior walls of both ventricles

right marginal branch: passes along lower border of heart to supply right atrium and right ventricle

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13
Q

two branches of the left coronary artery and their locations

A

circumflex branch: follows atrioventricular sulcus between left atrium and left ventricle to supply blood to left atrium and ventricle

anterior interventricular artery: lies anterior to interventricular sulcus and supplies both ventricles

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14
Q

location of coronary sinus

A

posterior atrioventricular sulcus

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15
Q

most abundant and least abundant leukocytes

A

most: neutrophils
least: basophils

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16
Q

what does the formed elements in the blood arise from

A

hematopoietic stem cells/hemocytoblasts

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17
Q

what myeloid stem cells does granulocytes arise from

A

myeloblast

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18
Q

what myeloid stem cell does platelets/thrombocytes arise from

A

megakaryoblast

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19
Q

what myeloid stem cell does rbcs arise from

A

erythroblast

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20
Q

what stem cells do agranulocytes arise from

A

monocytes: myloid stem cells called monoblasts

lymphocytes: lymphoid stem cells called lymphoblasts

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21
Q

rbc counts for males and females

A

males: 4700000-6100000
females: 4200000-5400000

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22
Q

define polycythemia

A

excessive rbcs

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23
Q

define hemolytic anemia

A

decreased rbcs caused by bacterial infections or failed blood transfusion

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24
Q

define pernicious anemia

A

decreased rbcs caused by not enough intrinsic factor to absorb b12

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25
define aplastic anemia
decreased rbcs by destruction of red bone marrow
26
define iron deficiency anemia
decreased hemoglobin due to dietary malnourishment or menstruation
27
define thalassemia
abnormal hemoglobin caused by rbcs being short lived from a gene
28
what colors do neutrophils appear and how many lobes
light purple to pink and has many lobes
29
what leukocytes are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes
neutrophils
30
what colors do eosinophils appear and how many lobes
deep red and two lobes
31
what color does basophils appear and how many lobes
deep blue and many granules
32
what color does monocytes appear and what is shape of nuclei
light purple with kidney or bean shaped nuclei
33
what color does lymphocytes appear and what is shape of nuclei
deep purple and spherical nucleus
34
normal wbc count
3500-10500/mL
35
leukocytosis vs. leukopenia
leukocytosis: excess wbc leukopenia: low wbc
36
what does thromboxane a2 do
chemical released by platelets that stimulates aggregation
37
thombocytosis vs. thrombocytopenia
thrombocytosis: high platelet thrombocytopenia: low platelet
38
normal platelet counts
150000 to 4000000
39
what plasma proteins help with antibodies of immunity
gamma globulins
40
what plasma proteins helps colloid osmotic pressure
albumins
41
define cardiac tamponade
fluid builds up in pericardial cavity and restricts hearts ability to properly pump blood
42
define ischemia and angina pectoris
thrombus or embolus that partially blocks coronary artery causing a decrease in blood flow to myocardium; causing painful condition called angina pectoris
43
define myocardial infarction
blood clot completely blocking coronary artery causing death of myocardial tisue
44
location of sa node
below epicardium on right atrium near superior vena cava
45
function of internodal atrial muscle
conduct impulses to more distant regions of atria
46
aortic sound comes from the ___ side of the second intercostal space and the pulmonic sound comes from the ___ side
right; left
47
what is responsible for nervous system regulation of the heart
cardiac center of medulla oblongata
48
what is the tunica interna composed of
simple squamous epithelium called endothelium
49
what is tunica media composed of
smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
50
what is tunica externa composed of
connective tissue with irregular elastic and collagen fibers; has vasa vasorum on outside
51
what system stimulates the smooth muscle of arterial walls
sympathetic vasomotor fibers
52
where are continuous capillaries found
connective and nervous tissues; skin
53
where are fenestrated capillaries found
endocrine glands, kidneys, small intestine
54
where are sinusoidal capillaries found
liver, spleen, red bone marrow
55
pulmonary edema vs peripheral edema
pulmonary: left ventricle of mitral valve doesnt function properly causing pressure to increase and fluid to escape in lungs peripheral: right ventricle doesnt function properly causing blood to bacl up in systemic veins causing pressure to increase and fluid be forced out causing tissues to swell
56
how is cardiac output determined
stroke volume x heart rate
57
dehydration causes low blood pressure, how do hormones get blood pressure back up
adh is secreted by posterior pituitary to make kidneys keep water; renin is secreted with stimulates the RAAS that leads to production of angiogetsin ii which is a vasoconstrictor
58
how is blood pressure determined
cardiac output x peripheral resistance
59
how is stroke volume determined
edv (amount of blood in ventricle following diastole) - esv (amount of blood in ventricle following systole)
59
how is stroke volume determined
edv (amount of blood in ventricle following diastole) - esv (amount of blood in ventricle following systole)
60
how does respiratory movements help move venous blood
inspiration causes throacic cavity pressure to decrease and abdominal cavity pressure to increase, causing blood to go from the abdominal space to thoracic space
61
how can increased central venous pressure cause peripheral edema
if heart fails to beat, pressure increases in the right atrium causing blood to back up into peripheral veins, raising their pressure, this higher pressure forces fluid out into tissues
62
what arteries branch from ascending aorta
right and left coronary arteries
63
what arteries branch from aortic arch
brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, left subclavian
64
what arteries branch from the descending thoracic aorta
bronchial, pericardial, esophageal, mediastinal, posterior intercostal
65
what arteries branch from the descending abdominal aorta
celiac, phrenic, superior mesenteric, suprarenal, renal, gonadal, inferior mesenteric, lumbar, middle sacral, common iliac
66
what branches from the brachiocephalic trunk
right common carotid and right subclavian
67
what branches from the subclavian artery
vertebral, thyrocervical, costocervical
68
what branches from the right and left common carotid artery
internal and external carotid
69
what branches from the internal carotid
opthalamic, posterior communicating, anterior choroid
70
what branches from the external carotid artery
superior thyroid, lingual, facial, occipital, posterior auricular, maxillary, superficial temporal
71
trace the order of the arteries in the upper limbs
subclavian to axillary to brachial to radial and ulnar
72
how does blood reach thoracic wall
subclavian artery and thoracic aorta
73
where does posterior and anterior intercostal arteries arise from
posterior: thoracic aorta anterior: internal thoracic artery from subclavian
73
where does posterior and anterior intercostal arteries arise from
posterior: thoracic aorta anterior: internal thoracic artery from subclavian
74
what supplies anterior and posterior abdominal wall
anterior: internal thoracic and external iliac posterior: phrenic and lumbar arteries from abdominal aorta
75
branches of internal iliac artery
iliolumbar, superior and inferior gluteal, internal pudenal, superior and inferior vesicle, middle rectal, uterine, obturator
76
branches of femoral artery
superficial circumflex, superficial epigastric, superficial and deep pudendal, deep femoral, deep genicular
77
branches of external iliac artery
inferior epigastric and deep circumflex
78
external iliac artery branches to become the ___ artery which the branches to
femoral; popliteal, then anterior and posterior tibial
79
what does anterior tibial artery divide to
dorsalis pedis
80
what does posterior tibial artery divide to
medial and lateral plantar, fibular artery
81
_____ and _____ veins merge to form brachiocephalic veins which merge to form the _____ vena cava
internal jugular and subclavian; superior
82
external jugular drains into
subclavian vein
83
trace deep venous drainage in the upper limb
digital to radial and ulnar, to brachial
84
the ___ & ___ veins merge to form the axillary veins; the ___ & ___ veins merge to form the subclavian vein
basilic & brachial; cephalic & axillary
84
the basilic vein joins the ___ vein and cephalic veins join the ___ vein both of the superficial network
brachial; axillary
85
what veins drain the abdominal wall
brachiocephalic and azygos
86
where and what do hepatic portal veins drain
drain the gastric, superior and inferior mesenteric, and splenic vein, all into the liver
87
the hepatic veins goes back to the ___ from the liver
inferior vena cava
88
what veins empty into the inferior vena cava
hepatic, lumbar, gonadal, renal, suprarenal, phrenic
89
trace venous drainage from deep veins in lower limbs
anterior and posterior tibial, to popliteal, to femoral, to external iliac, to common iliac, to inferior vena cava
90
what are the two major trunks of the superficial veins in the lower limb
small saphenous, great saphenous (longest vein in body)
91
how is blood transported away from the reproductive, urinary, and digestive systems
internal iliac veins unite with the eternal iliac veins, then common iliac veins, the inferior vena cava
92
what are the functions of anithrombin, heparin, and prostacyclin
anithrombin: produced by plasma alpha gobulin that interferes with action of thrombin heparin: produced by basophils interferes with formation of prothrombin activator prostcyclin: produced by endothelial cells that inhibits adherence of platelets to them
93
antigens are also known as ___ and antibodies are also known as ___
agglutinogens; agglutinins
94
what is the most abundant cation in the blood? anion?
both are ions! cation: sodium anion: chloride

biol 261 (1 decks)

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