Exam 2 Flashcards
Photosynthesis
Water, CO2 and light= carbohydrates and O2
A reduction
First law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed
Second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe
Entropy
Measure of molecular disorder
Spontaneous reaction
Occur without energy input, must increase the entropy of the universe
non spontaneous reaction
Leads to a decrease in entropy, energy must be supplied
Free energy
Portion of a system’s energy that can do work when temperature and pressure are uniform without
If delta G is negative
Spontaneous, no energy input and energy is released
Delta G greater than zero
Endergonic, requires energy, nonspontaneous
Activation energy
the energy required to start a reaction by breaking bonds in the reactant molecules
Standard states
Standard set of conditions used for comparisons of chemical reactions
Le Chatelier’s principle
When stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the system reacts to minimize the effect of that stress
When is a reaction freely reversible?
If delta G is less than +/- 1kcal/mol
How do you make endergonic reactions proceed?
Couple an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction
How to enzymes speed up reactions?
They lower the activation energy without being consumed
Energy intake =
Internal heat produced+work+storage
metabolism
Sum total of the chemical reactions of bio molecules in an organism
Catabolism
Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller ones, oxidative process that releases energy
Anabolism
Synthesis of larger molecules from smaller ones, reductive process that requires energy
