Exam 2 Flashcards
Rate
Number of events in a given population over a given period of time
Descriptive studies
Describe epidemics with respect to person, place, and time
Primary care physician vs. epidemiologist
A primary care physician is someone who practices general medicine. An epidemiologist collects information about disease status of a community.
Chronic disease
Diseases that usually last three months or longer
Acute disease
Diseases in which the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within a few days
Attack rate
Incidence rate calculated for a particular population for a single disease outbreak
Life expectancy
Average number of years a person from a specific cohort is projected to live from a given point in time
Disability - Adjusted Life Years (DALYs)
measures burden of disease
- One DALY = one lost year of healthy
Natality rate
Number of births per 1,000 individuals
Incidence rates
Number of new health-related events or cases of a disease, divided by population at risk
prevalence rates
Number of new and old cases in a given period of time, divided by total number in that population
Explain why one would use an age-adjusted rate.
To show what the level of mortality would be if the age composition of different populations were the same.
Describe the process for reporting notifiable diseases from individuals to CDC.
- A person starts feeling ill
- Goes to doctor to confirm disease
- Hospital or healthcare provider sends information to public health department
Noncommunicable diseases
Those illnesses that cannot be transmitted from one person to another
Communicable diseases
Those diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another
Chronic noncommunicable diseases
- Cardiovascular disease
- cancer
- diabetes
What is the data used by health officials for prioritizing prevention and control efforts?
- Number of people who will die from a disease
- Number of years of potential life lost
- Economic costs associated with disease
Primary prevention
Forestall onset of illness or injury during prepathogenesis period
Secondary prevention
Early diagnosis and prompt treatment before disease becomes advanced and disability severe
Tertiary prevention
Aimed at rehabilitation following significant pathogenesis; retain, reeducate, and rehabilitate
Explain the difference between modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors to improve health.
Modifiable risk factors are things that a person can control. These include cigarette smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and physical inactivity. Nonmodifiable risk factors can not be altered. These include sex, race, and age.
Leading cause of death in the United States
Heart disease
Explain the multicausation disease model
It is a visual representation of
the host together with various internal and external factors that promote
and protect against disease
List the links in the chain of infection
- Pathogen
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Transmission
- Portal of entry
- Establishment of infection in new host
Describe the difference between prevention and intervention. State which one is more desirable.
Prevention is planning for and taking action to prevent onset of disease or health problem. Intervention is the effort to control disease in progress. Prevention is more desirable because it is something that is done before it happens.
Provide three examples of how communities can prevent communicable diseases and how individuals can prevent communicable diseases.
Communities can prevent communicable diseases by chlorinating water supply, inspecting restaurants, immunization programs. Individuals can prevent them by washing hands, wearing condoms, properly cooking food.
Contrast the terms acute and chronic disease. Provide three examples of each type of disease.
Acute disease is something that occurs for only a short period of time. Examples: flu, common cold, strep throat. Chronic diseases usually lasts longer than 3 months. Examples: cancer, heart disease, stroke
Pandemic
Outbreak over wide geographic area
