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Cells,Tissues,Integumentary System Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

Are Structural componant of all living things Cells vary in length and there are trillions of cells in our body. there are 200 different typoes of cells in our body

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2
Q

Cell Theory

A

Has 4 concepts

  1. Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. when you define cell properties, you define the properties of life.
  2. The activity of an organism depends on both the individual and the coleective activities of its cells.
  3. According to the principle of complemetary of structure and function, the biochemical activities of cells are dictated by their shapes or forms, and by the relative number of theri specific subcellular structures.
  4. Continuity of life from one generation to another has a celualer basis.
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3
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

The outer layer of the cell. Membrane made of a double layer of lipids(phospholipids, cholesterol) within chich proteins are embedded.

Function-serves as an external cell barrier, and acts in transport of substances into or out of the cell. Maintains a resting potential that is essetial for functioning of excitable cells. it does membrane transport, catalysis, and cell to cell recognition..

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4
Q

Microvilli

A

Finger like extentions of plasma membrane. Increased in surafce area. Little shaggy hairs.

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5
Q

Membrane Junctions

A

Help bind cells together. 3 types-tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions

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6
Q

Tight Junctions

A

zipper like junction that forms an impossible boundary. Substances cannot squeeze between cells.
EX- lining digestive tract. absorbing nutrients

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7
Q

Desmosomes

A

Like rivets that hold cells together to spread out stress over large area.
EX- Skin stops from tearing.

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8
Q

Gap Junctions

A

Holes between cells allow ions, nutrients to be passed from one to cell to the next.
Ex- Heart muscles

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9
Q

Passive membrane Transport

A

No ATP used! (no energy). 2 main types of are diffusion and filtration. Lets nutrients in and wastes out.

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10
Q

Diffusion

A

Flows from high to low concentration. Most common passageway through body. it occurs till we got equallibruim. Temp. big deal

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11
Q

Osmosis

A

Strictly the movement of water. Dilutes.

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12
Q

Filtration

A

The movement of water across a cell membrane by hydrostatic pressure, usually involves a solute dissolved in water, requires membrane, operates with water and ions. Driving force in Kidneys-cleaning of blood is pressure driven.

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13
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process by which substances are screted or released from cell. These substances are being made in the cell.

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14
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell eating-cell engulfs object and brings it into cell,packaging it and the object will be destroyed by digestive enzymes.

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15
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Used to bring in small amounts of liquid substances. means cell drinking. similar to Phagocytosis.

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16
Q

Mitochondria

A

Redlike double membrane structures, inner membrane folded into projections called cristae.

Functions-Site ATP synthesis powerhouse of the cell.

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17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Dense particles of 2 subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein, Free or attached to rough endoplasmic rediculum.

Functions-Sites of protein synthesis proteins are made here

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18
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Nembranous system enclosing cavity, the cistern, and coiling through the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes.

Functions- Sugar groups are attched to proteins within cisterns. Proteins are bound in vesiclesfor transport to the Golgi apparatus and other sites. External face synthesizes phospholipids.

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19
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Membracous system of sacs and tubules, free of ribosomes.

Functions-Site of lipid and steroid(cholesterol) synthesis, lipid metabolism, and drug detoxification.

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

A stack of flattened membranes and associated vesicles close to the nucleus.

Functions- Packages,modifies, and segregrates proteins for secretion from the cell, inclusion in lysosomes, and incorporation into the plasma membrane. Like a post office deals with exports.

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21
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Membranous sacs of catalase and oxidase enzymes. Vesicles filled with various enzymes

Functions-The enzymes detoxify a number of toxic substances. The most important enzyme catalase, breaks down hydrogen preoxide.

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22
Q

Centroile

A

Paired cylindrical bodies, each composed of nine triplets of microtubules

Functions- Organize a microtubule network during mitosis(cell division)to form a spindle and asters. Form bases of cilia and flagella.

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23
Q

Cilia

A

Hairlike extensions that move substances along their surface. Ex-Trachea

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24
Q

Flagella

A

Only one human cell has this the sperm. Whip like tail. Moves the cell itself

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25
Q

Lysosomes

A

Called the breaks down. b=bag of digestive enzymes. digestion

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26
Q

Endomembrane System

A

Is a system of organelles that work together mainly to work (1) produce, degrade,store, and export biological milecules, and (2)portentially harmful substances. It includes the ER,Golgi apparatus, secretory vesicles, and lysosomes as well as the nuclear membrane.

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27
Q

Nucleoli

A

are dark straining spherical bodies found within the nucleus where ribosomal subunits are assembled. RNA storage

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28
Q

Mitosis(process)

A

Division of nucleus-DNA gets divided that each new cell gets the right copy of DNA. Mitosis is the series of events that parcels out the replicated of DNA of the mother cell to 2 daughter cells. described as 4 phases-prophase,metapohasemanaphase, and telophase.

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29
Q

Interphase

A

Time when cell not dividing- just doing its everyday job at the end of interphase the DNA is relecated.(copied)

30
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear disappear and the chromatid will condense into chromosomes. where the centroiles set up the mitotic spindle

31
Q

Metaphase

A

Everything lines up in middle equator. Enzymes act to seperate the chromatids from each other

32
Q

Anaphase

A

Shortest phase of mitosis. Begins abruptly as the centromeres of the chromosomes split simultaneously. Pulls apart vaccums are working.

33
Q

Telophase

A

Is the final phase of mitosis. See dimpling of 2 cells, nuclear envelope froming, nucleolis reappears.

34
Q

Cytokinesis(movement)

A

The division of the cytoplasm. Begins during late anaphase and is completed after mitosis ends.

35
Q

Chromosomes

A

Barlike bodies of tightly coiled chromatin, visible during cell division.

36
Q

Cytosol

A

Viscous, semitransparent fluid substance of cytoplasm in which other elements are suspended.

37
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

A solution that has a high concentration of nonpenetrating solutes than the reference cell, having greater osmotic pressure than the reference solution(blood plasma or interstitial fluid)

38
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

A solution that is more dilute(containing fewer nonpentrating solutes) than the reference cell. Cells placed in hypotonic solutions plump up rapidly as water rushes into them.

39
Q

Meiosis

A

Nuclear division process that reduces the chromosomal number by half and results in the formation of 4 haploid cells, occurs onlu in certain reproductive organs

40
Q

Ribosomal RNA

A

A constituent of ribosome exists within the ribosomes of cyoplasm and assists in protein sythesis.

41
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

The scaffold like framwork of the cell, composed of threadlike microfilament, microtubules, and thick and then filaments.

42
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similar cells and their intercellular substance specialized to perform a specific function, primary tissue types of the body are epithelial,connective,muscle, and nervous tissue

43
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Specialized form of loose connective tissue for fat storage,protective cushion and heat insulator, found beneath the skin and around certain organs such as the heart.

44
Q

Connective tissue

A

consists of cells and considerable intercellular materials.

Functions: Binding support-Tendons muscle to bone. Ligaments-bone to bone(support)
Protection-Adipose, blood(protective-keeps you healthy)
Insulation-Adipose-Body temp
Transportation-Blood

45
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

forms the membranes between organs, binds organs together found beneath the skin and between muscles.

46
Q

Collagen

A

White protein gives give. Provides strength

Ex bone-lots

47
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Long thin like rubber band. Springback quality-Ex-ears, nose

48
Q

Cartilage

A

provides support and framework, intercellular material composed largley of fibers and ground substance. major types are hyaline cartilage,elastic cartilage and fibrocartilage, occurs at ends of various bones,ears,and larynx, and pads between various bones. Chondrocytes

49
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Forms a network. branched fibers like a box spring. composed of very fine collagenous fibers,supports the walls of the liver,spleen, and lymphatic organs.

50
Q

Blood

A

Blood cells white and red.

51
Q

Bone

A

osteocyte

52
Q

Mesenchyme

A

Embryonic connective tissue-gives-found in embryo

53
Q

Arreolar

A

Most common tissue-cells and fibers mix, semi fluid ground substance.

Function-binding,packaging material. Binds body parts together and allows them to move. wraps and cushions organs. Found throughout body

54
Q

The Skin

A

Functions- Barrier,physical,chemicals-keeps out bad,,biological-keeps out bacteria and viruses.
2. Body Temp regulation-Sweat
3. Sensory reception-sense of touch
4. Makes Vit D-Sunlight
5. Plays a role in excretion-scmall amounts of waste released thru sweat.
6. Acts as blood resevoir-can hold up to 5% of blood volume.
Protection

55
Q

Hypodermis(superficial fascia)

A

Subcutaneous tissue just deep to the skin, consists of adipose plus some areolar connective tissue

56
Q

Epidermis

A

Superficial layer of the skin,composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium. Ousid layer of skin-Avascular-no blood supply. Nutrients are supplied to upper layer by simple diffusion.

57
Q

Keratincytes

A

Produce a protein called keratin. Look like fish scales. Reptiles have a lot. Protective protein. Helps keep water in and phusically tough protein, Most common.

58
Q

Melanocytes

A

Produce pigment called melanin. Spider-shaped. makes a melanin and transfers it to keratincytes where it accumalates on the sunny side of DNA. Protects nuculeous from UV rays of the sun.

59
Q

Langerhans Cells

A

Macrophages-big eaters-body defense cell that eat bacteria or viruses that get into the skin. Activate immune system. Bone marrow. Star shaped

60
Q

Merkel Cells

A

Spikey Hemisphere half circle. Associated with sense of touch. sensory nerve. Brush off cells.

61
Q

Stratum Corneum(Horny Layer)

A

The outermost epidermal layer 20-30 cell layers thick dead cells filled with keratin. waterproofing, protection from physical assualts.

62
Q

Stratum Lucidum(clear Layer)

A

Hands(palms) and feet(soles)-Thick skin

63
Q

Stratum granulosum(granular layer)

A

Contsists of 4-6 cell layers in which karatinocyte appearances change drastically, and process of keratinization begins. accumalates more keratin

64
Q

Stratum Spinosum(Prickly layer)

A

is several layers thick. Prickly porcipine. active protein synthesis anchors to dermis.

65
Q

Stratum Basale(basal layer)

A

Deepest layer, connected to dermis, see occasional melanocytes and dendritic cells.

66
Q

Dermis

A

Middlelayer of skin-true skin-strong flexible connective tissue. Fibroblasts,macrophages,and occasional mast cells and white blood cells.

67
Q

Papillary Layer

A

aerola connective tissue with collogen and elastic fibers. thin, superior, ridges on this layer respsponsible for fingerprints. fingerprints genetically determined. Increased friction and gripping ability of both hands and feet.

68
Q

reticular layer

A

the deeper layer, accounting for about 80% of thickness of dermis. interior collogen elastic fibers gives dermis its strength and resilency.stretch ,arks are in the dermal tears. Blister is where epidermis and dermis seperate.

69
Q

Subcutaneous fat layer

A

Deep layer of skin, energy most vascular alot of blood supply source

70
Q

pigments

A

contribute to skin color, melanin,carotene,and hemoglobin

Cells,Tissues,Integumentary System Exam 2 (1 decks)

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