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Gross Anatomy > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Movements at Elbow Joint

A

Flexion/extension, supination, pronation

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2
Q

Wrist joint

A

Flexion/Extension, Ulnar/Radial deviation

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3
Q

Fibrous Joints

A

Bones joined by fibrous tissue, such as the sutures in the skull or the pelvis, syndesmosis, gomphosis. They allow minimal movement.

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4
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

The bones of cartilaginous joints are joined by cartilage. These joints allow a very small amount of movement. Ex: sternocostal joint between sternum and first rib.

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5
Q

Synovial joints

A

Consist of bones, joint capsule, synovial membrane, articulate covering of bony surface, nerve and blood supply, intrinsic and extrinsic ligaments (collateral ligaments).

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6
Q

Joints of the elbow

A

Humeroulnar joint-hinge joint, flexion/extension
Humeroradial joint- contributes to hinge, adds stability, carrying angle.

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7
Q

Movements at the elbow joint

A

Flexion of forearm, extension of forearm.

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8
Q

Primary Flexors of forearm

A

Brachialis and biceps brachii

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9
Q

Secondary flexors of forearm

A

Brachioradialus, flexor carpi radialus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi ulnaris

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10
Q

Proximal radioulnar joint

A

Held I place by annular ligament, head of radius rotates with ligament. Dislocation called nursemaids elbow or pulled elbow.

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11
Q

What holds the radioulnar joint in place

A

Fibrocartilage articular disc

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12
Q

What bone of the forearm moves with pronation/supination and which one doesn’t

A

Radius moves, ulna does not.

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13
Q

Functions of interosseous membrane

A

Connects the radius and ulna, separates the anterior and posterior compartments of forearm, and distributes forces transmitted from distal to proximal.

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14
Q

Movement of forearm at radioulnar joint

A

Supination of forearm and hand. Biceps brachii must be flexed for effective supination

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15
Q

Pronation muscles of forearm/hand

A

Pronator teres; pulls radius into pronation.
Pronator quadratus

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16
Q

Boundaries of the cubital fossa

A

Superior- line joining the medial and lateral epicondyles
Lateral-brachioradialus, supinator ms attachment on the radius
Medial-Pronator teres, brachialis (deep)

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17
Q

Nerves, arteries and veins that enter the cubital fossa proximally

A

Radial nerve, lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm, median nerve, medial cutaneous nerve of forearm, tendon of biceps brachii, median cubital vein, brachial artery which branches into radial and ulnar

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18
Q

Nerve supply to anterior flexor compartment of forearm

A

Median nerve innervates all muscles of the flexor compartment except 1.5 of FCU and and 1/2 of FDP (flexor digitorum profundus)

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19
Q

Pronator teres PA, DA, actions

A

PA-h humeral head. Medial epicondyle of humerus, ulnar head-coronoid process of ulna
DA- Lateral surface of radius, mid-shaft
Actions-flexion of elbow, forearm, pronation of forearm

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20
Q

Flexor carpi radialis PA and DA

A

PA-Medial epicondyle
DA-base of the second and third metacarpals (anterior surface)

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21
Q

Palmaris longus PA and DA

A

PA-medial epicondyle
DA- palmar aponeurosis

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22
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris PA and DA

A

PA-humeral head is medial epicondyle, ulnar is olecranon and posterior ulna
DA-pisiform bone and then to base of fifth metacarpal (ant./palmar surface)

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23
Q

Flexor digitorum superficialis PA and DA

A

PA-humerus is medial epicondyle and ulna is coronoid process, radius is ant surface mid shaft
DA-middle phalanges of four fingers by split tendons

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24
Q

Deep anterior compartment of forearm

A

Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, Pronator quadratus

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25
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus PA and DA

A

PA-anterior surface of ulna and adjacent interosseous membrane
DA-base of distal phalanges of fingers

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26
Q

Flexor pollicis longus PA and DA

A

PA-anterior surface of radius and IOM
DA-distal phalanx of thumb

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27
Q

Pronator quadratus PA and DA

A

PA-distal 1/4 of anterior ulna
DA-Distal 1/4 of anterior radius

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28
Q

Superficial extensor muscles of posterior compartment

A

Brachioradialus, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris

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29
Q

Brachioradialus PA and DA

A

PA-lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
DA-lateral surface of distal radius

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30
Q

Extensor Carpi Radialis longus

A

PA-lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
DA-base of second metacarpal

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31
Q

Extensor carpi radialis brevis PA and DA

A

PA-lateral epicondyle
DA-base of third metacarpal

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32
Q

Extensor digitorum PA and DA

A

PA-lateral epicondyle
DA-base of proximal phalanges and extensor expansion .

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33
Q

Extensor digiti minimi PA and DA

A

PA-extensor digitorum muscle belly
DA-base of th fifth proximal phalanx//

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34
Q

Extensor carpi ulnaris PA and DA

A

PA-lateral epicondyle and posterior shaft of ulna
DA-base of fifth metacarpal

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35
Q

Deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

Supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor indices

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36
Q

Supinator PA and DA

A

PA-lateral epicondyle of humerus, post ulna, radial collateral and annular ligs
DA-lateral surface of the radius

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37
Q

Abductor Pollicis Longus PA and DA

A

PA-posterior radius, ulna and IOM
DA-base of the first metacarpal

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38
Q

Extensor Pollicis Brevis PA and DA

A

PA-posterior radius and IOM
DA-base of proximal phalanx of thumb

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39
Q

Extensor pollicis longus PA and DA

A

PA-posterior ulna and IOM
DA-base of the distal phalanx of thumb

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40
Q

Extensor indicis PA and DA

A

PA- posterior ulna and IOM
DA-base of second proximal phalanx

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41
Q

Clinical significance of the median nerve passing through the two heads of the Pronator teres

A

Protects it. Inflammation of this nerve affects everything distal to it (not Pronator teres)

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42
Q

Two nerves that innervate the forearm (motor)

A

Median nerve and anterior interosseous nerve. (C5-8 &T1)

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43
Q

What nerve innervates the muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm

A

Radial nerve, deep radial nerve, posterior interosseous

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44
Q

Why is the radial nerve anterior to the elbow joint

A

The protect it

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45
Q

What is the one muscle in the extensor compartment that in not an extensor

A

Brachioradialis and it is a flexor

46
Q

What vein is typically used for blood draw

A

Median cubital vein

47
Q

Antebrachium cutaneous innervation

A

lateral cutaneous nerve of forearm, posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm, medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm

48
Q

Antebrachium vasculature

A

Brachial artery divides into radial and ulnar. Radial runs parallel to brachioradialis. Ulnar artery passes deep to Pronator teres and common interosseous branches off and becomes anterior and posterior.

49
Q

Collateral circulation

A

Mechanism for blood to flow to an organ or region after its normal course has been blocked

50
Q

Elbow anastomosis vessels

A

Radial recurrent that connects to radial collateral,interosseous recurrent, anterior ulnar recurrent, posterior ulnar recurrent

51
Q

Where does the interosseous recurrent artery anastomose

A

It comes off posterior interosseous and connects proximally to middle collateral artery

52
Q

Where does anterior ulnar recurrent anastomose

A

Off the ulnar artery and connects proximally to inferior ulnar collateral artery

53
Q

Where does the posterior ulnar recurrent anastomose

A

Off the ulnar artery and connects proximally to superior ulnar collateral artery

54
Q

Primary articulations of radiocarpal joint

A

Radius, scaphoid, and lunate.

55
Q

Damage to what structure of the wrist can greatly alter wrist function

A

Articular disk

56
Q

Thumb CMC

A

Carpal-metacarpal joint. Consists of trapezium and first metacarpal (saddle joint). Functions in flex ion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial-lateral rotation/opposition-reposition

57
Q

Carpal metacarpal (CMC)

A

Medial four have no significant movement. Thumb is crucial.

58
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP)

A

All have two primary movements. Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, using these combined gives you circumduction.

59
Q

Which bones are your knuckles

A

Distal end of metacarpals

60
Q

Interphalangeal joints (IP)

A

Two rows in the four fingers; PIP and DIP. Only one in the thumb (IP). All of these are hinge joints capable of flexion-extension

61
Q

Flexor retinaculum attachments

A

Attachments to carpal bones laterally; tubercle of scaphoid and trapezium. Medially; pisiform bone and hook of hamate.

62
Q

Flexor retinaculum functions

A

Closes carpal groove and creates a tunnel. Holds flexor tendons in place and prevents bowstringing.

63
Q

Where do thenar and hypthenar muscle groups originate

A

Flexor retinaculum

64
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

The tunnel is the space between flexor retinaculum and planar surface of carpal bones. Flexor retinaculum is not in the tunnel.

65
Q

What structures are superficial to the flexor retinaculum (not in carpal tunnel)

A

Flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar nerve, ulnar artery and vein, tendon of palmaris longus, superficial radial artery.

66
Q

Structures within the carpal tunnel

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor pollicis longus, median nerve.

67
Q

What flexor muscle would not be contributory to carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Flexor carpi radialis

68
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Compression of the median nerve often due to finger flexor tendonitis, fluid retention or delicate wrists.

69
Q

Symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Tingling and burning (parasthesia) of the later 3 1/2 digits. It can progress to anesthesia. Sensory loss usually involves the median-innervated fingers and spares the thenar eminence. Weakness of thenar muscles and readial 2 lumbricals. Can progress to atrophy or paralysis.

70
Q

Ulnar tunnel

A

Consists of ulnar nerve and artery.

71
Q

Guyons canal syndrome

A

Ulnar nerve compression in the hand. Characterized by parasthesia of medial 1 1/2 digits, palmar and dorsal side, and weakness of the intrinsic hand muscles interacted by the ulnar nerve.

72
Q

Dorsal wrist extensors

A

Abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor carpi radialis longus and ECRBrevis, extensor pollicis longus, extensor digitorum, extensor indicis, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris.

73
Q

Why is there no equivalent to CTS on the dorsal side of the wrist?

A

You have to have a nerve involved to have CTS symptoms.

74
Q

What structure holds the extensor muscles tendons in place at the wrist

A

Extensor retinaculum

75
Q

Palmaris longus, DA, innervation and function

A

PA-Medial epicondyle
DA-palmar aponeurosis
Innervated by median nerve
Missing in 15% of population

76
Q

Thenar muscles, PA attachment, N innervation, function

A

Adductor pollicis brevis, flexor pollicis brevis, opponens pollicis.
PA- all originate form the lateral side of flexor retinaculum
Recurrent branch of the median nerve
Flexion, opposition, reposition, abduction, adduction, extension

77
Q

Hypothenar muscles, PA, N innervation, functions

A

Abductor digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi, opponens digiti minimi. Ulnar nerve innervated. Opposition, reposition, flexion, extension.

78
Q

Dorsal interosseous muscles

A

4 interossei, only muscles observed when just skin is removed from the hand. PA are the shafts of adjacent metacarpals. DA are bases of proximal phalanges. Innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar n.

79
Q

Palmar interosseous muscles

A

3 interossei. These are the deepest muscles of the palm and are all innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.

80
Q

Adductor pollicis

A

PA- two heads from the anterior surfaces of shaft of the third metacarpal and the capitate. DA-base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
Innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.
Adducts thumb

81
Q

Lumbricals

A

All four originate from tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and have distal attachments at the extensor expansion of the finger in line with the originating tendon. 1st and 2nd are median n innervated, 3rd and 4th are ulnar nerve. MCP flexion, IP extension

82
Q

Innervation and functions of lumbricals

A

1st and 2nd are innervated by the digital branches of the median nerve. 3rd and 4th are innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve. Function in MCP flexion and IP extension. Can’t have one of these actions w out the other.

83
Q

If an individual has atrophy of the interosseous muscles, what potential anatomical lesion could be the cause?

A

Ulnar nerve damage/lesion.

84
Q

What structures lie deep in the digits

A

Flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis, deep transverse metacarpal ligament, fibrous flexor sheath

85
Q

What structure of the hand separates palmar and dorsal metacarpals and keeps them together

A

Deep transverse metacarpal ligament

86
Q

Fibrous flexor sheath

A

Fibrous tubes that hold the flexor tendons in place on fingers

87
Q

What “bonus” flex does the FDP (of the finger) have

A

It can flex the distal IP because it extends the length of the finger

88
Q

Risks associated with crush injuries

A

Potential adhesion of lumbricals and deep transverse metacarpal ligament

89
Q

Extensor expansion

A

A tendinous aponeurosis formed from tendons of extensors of the fingers and it ties into the lumbricals.

90
Q

How does the extensor expansion affect MCP and PIP/DIP joint movement ?

A
91
Q

What artery is the primary contributes to the superficial palmar arch

A

The ulnar artery

92
Q

What arteries anastomose to form the deep palmar arch

A

The deep radial and ulnar

93
Q

Where do you check your pulse on the wrist

A

Between the distal brachioradialus and flexor carpi radialis tendons you can feel the pulse of the radial artery.

94
Q

Where does the princeps pollicis aretery branch from and what does it supply

A

Branches off the radial artery and supplies the thumb.

95
Q

What artery is the is the primary contributes to the deep palmar arch?

A

Radial artery

96
Q

What artery is the secondary contributor to the superficial palmar arch

A

Radial artery

97
Q

Cutaneous effects of carpal tunnel syndrome

A

Leads to anesthesia of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and half of the fourth digits (palmar and fingertips). And parasthesia of palm innervated by median nerve.

98
Q

Cutaneous Ulnar nerve innervation of the hand

A

Palmar and dorsal surface of pinky and pinky half of ring finger

99
Q

Cutaneous Radial nerve innervation of hand

A

Dorsal side of the thumb, index finger, middle finger and radial half of the ring finger, minus the fingertips.

100
Q

Motor innervation of hand from the median nerve

A

Two lumbricals on the radial side and thenar muscles from the recurrent branch.

101
Q

Motor innervation of hand by the deep ulnar nerve

A

Innervates the hypothenar eminance, interossei, two lumbricals on the ulnar side of the hand and the adductor pollicis.

102
Q

Motor innervation of the hand by the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve

A

Palmaris brevis

103
Q

Anatomical snuff box boundaries

A

Ant/palmar-tendons of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis
Post/dorsal-tendon of extensor pollicis longus
Floor-scaphoid and trapezium

104
Q

Contents of the anatomical snuff box

A

Superficial radial nerve (cutaneous) and radial artery

105
Q

A patient is experiencing acute tenderness with palpation of snuffbox after a fall, how did they fall and what is the potential injury

A

On an outstretched hand/wrist. The scaphoid is potentially fractured.

106
Q

What is at risk with a fracture of the scaphoid

A

Radial artery

107
Q

Extensor retinaculum function

A

Holds extensor muscles tendons in place at wrist

108
Q

Intricinsic muscles of the hand

A

Palmaris brevis, thenar muscles, hypothenar muscles, dorsal interosseous, palmar interosseous, adductor pollicis, lumbricals

109
Q

Deep palmar structures

A

Deep transverse metacarpal ligament, FDS,FDP fibrous flexor digital sheath

110
Q

Inter carpal joint

A

Articulations between the two rows of carpal bones. Increases range of wrist movement.

111
Q

Carpal bones

A

scaphoid, lunate, pisiform, triquetral, hamate, capitate, trapezoid, trapezium

112
Q

Palmaris brevis PA, DA, innervation

A

PA-medial aspect of palmar aponeurosis
DA-Skin of palm of hand
Ulnar nerve innervation.

Gross Anatomy (2 decks)

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