Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 6C > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a community?

A

a group of populations in the same place at the

same time interacting with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the interspecific interactions we discussed in class?
(5 points)

A

interspecific interactions link species together and occurs when species compete for a limited resource.

competition, predation, herbivory,
symbiosis and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a limiting resource?

A

a resource that is in short supply and affects the growth & survival of an organism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a niche?

A

An organism’s use of resources in its environment/the organism’s role in the ecosystem.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the competitive exclusion principle?

A

Two species competing for the same limiting

resources cannot coexist in the same place at the same time- they cannot occupy the same niche!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How did the removal study with barnacles illustrate the competitive exclusion principle?

A

Barnicle C can live in both upper and lower tidal zones. If barincel C was unable to live in the upper zone it would have been driven to extinction. They can coexist because barincle B and C have similar BUT slightly DIFFERENT niches.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the difference between a realized niche and a fundamental niche?

A

Fundamental niche: The entire range of what the
organism can use to survive. (the potential or the ideal case)

Realized niche: The “bare minimum niche”, where the competing species can survive. (real life)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

When species seem to exist in the same
niche there is usually some division of the niche. The species have evolved a way to distribute the resource in such a way that they are no longer in direct competition.
- a process of natural selection that will force competitors to use resources differently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is character displacement?

A

where there is an overlap, one species will diverge as to not occupy the same niche
-The shift in the trait value

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some adaptations of predators and prey we discussed in class?

A

Predators: speed, venom, claws, teeth, hearing, camouflage

Prey: schooling (sticking together so its harder to be killed), Fake eyes or head, Camouflage, Warning colors, toxins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

long term relationship between 2 species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is parasitism?

A

☺ & ☹

one species is hurt at the other’s benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

☺ & ☺

both species benefit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is Commensalism?

A

☺ & ㋡

one species benefits while the other is unaffected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is species diversity?

A

the number and relative abundance of different species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is Species richness?

A

the total number of different species in the community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Species evenness?

A

the proportion of each species in the community

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the Shannon Index measure?

A

a measure of diversity that includes richness and relative abundance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s the difference between the Shannon Index (H) and the Shannon Evenness Index (J).

A
  • Shannon evenness provides information on area composition and richness
  • Shannon index tells you how diverse the species in a given community are
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is a food web?

A

shows various feeding relationships that occur in a community,
- each organism is usually a member of more than one food chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a large impact species?

A

a species that have a disproportionate impact on the whole community
- this includes: dominant species, keystone species, and foundation species

22
Q

what is a dominant species?

A

The most abundant or highest biomass species.
- They may become dominant because they are the best competitors for resources, or are best at evading predation, herbivory, or disease

23
Q

what is a foundation species?

A

a species that exerts control on the community because they alter the environment
ex: beavers change the landscape by making dams

24
Q

What is meant by top-down/bottom-up control?

A

the populations of the organisms at lower trophic levels (bottom of the pyramid “producers or prey”) are controlled by the organisms at the top (predators).

25
Q

What is a competitive dominance hierarchy (refer to the Keystone Predator Simbio lab)?

A

a visual representation of the competitive relationships among species in an ecological community
points from weaker to stronger

26
Q

What is ecological succession?

A

the sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance.

27
Q

How do tolerance, facilitation, and inhibition contribute to succession?

A
  • Tolerance: Early successional stages are characterized
    by weedy species that are tolerant of the harsh conditions that sometimes accompany disturbance.
  • Facilitation: Species introduce changes in the habitat that favor later species.
  • Inhibition Species change the habitat in ways that inhibit other species, or even themselves.
28
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary succession?

A
  • primary succession: new land is formed, and there is generally just bare rock.
  • secondary succession: the land after a disturbance, the soil is often rich
29
Q

What is the island equilibrium model?

A

The Island Equilibrium Model illustrates how community structure in these isolated patches are influenced by the size of the patch and their proximity to the “mainland”.

30
Q

What biogeographical factors affect community structure?

A
  1. Location: evolutionary time its been around, higher productivity of location, seasonal predictability, microhabitats
  2. Evapotranspiration: water transpired by plants and evaporated from the landscape
  3. Island Equilibrium Model: illustrates how community structure in these isolated patches are influenced by the size of the patch and their proximity to the “mainland”.
31
Q

How does the location of a community on the planet affect its structure?

A

evolutionary time place has been around, higher productivity of location, seasonal predictability, microhabitats

32
Q

How does evapotranspiration relate to species richness?

A
  • The evaporation of water from soil and plants.

- Species diversity increase with temperature, solar radiation, and water availability

33
Q

How does island size and distance from the mainland affect the number of species on an island?

A
  • Larger sizes leads to more organisms
  • Closer islands have a greater chance of immigration.
  • Closer islands also have lower extinction rates because of the increased likelihood of new colonists.
34
Q

What is the integrated hypothesis and rivet model?

A
  • Integrated hypothesis: a community is an assemblage of closely linked species, locked into association by mandatory biotic interactions.
  • Rivet model: species in a community are linked together in a tight web of interactions and that the loss of a single species has a big impact on the community structure.
35
Q

What is the individualistic hypothesis and redundancy model?

A

Individualistic hypothesis: communities are loosely organized associations of independently distributed species with the same abiotic requirements. In other words, all the species in a community are there because happen to have the same environmental requirements, and not because they depend on one another.
- The Redundancy Model: if a species is lost from a community, other species will fill the gap.

36
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An ecosystem is a community and all its abiotic components.

37
Q

How do nutrient cycling and energy flow differ?

A

energy flow energy is lost at each trophic level whereas nutrient cycling energy is not reduced but moved

38
Q

What is net primary production? (NPP)

A

NPP is the amount of light energy the plant gets after it uses some of the energy for respiration (new biomass added)

39
Q

Which ecosystems have the highest net primary production?

A

tropical rainforests or the ocean

40
Q

Which ecosystems contribute the highest proportions of the Earth’s primary production

A

estuaries, swamps and marshes, tropical rain forests, and temperate rain forests

41
Q

With the exception of tropical rainforests, why are those ecosystems with the highest net primary production not necessarily the same ecosystems that contribute the highest percentage of net primary production (Hint: look at the ocean as an example)?

A

because of their size

42
Q

What is Eutrophication and why does it occur?

A

Eutrophication is excessive richness of nutrients in a lake or other body of water

It occurs when large quantities of nutrients such as nitrates and phosphates enter an
aquatic environment

43
Q

What is (actual) evapotranspiration? How is it related to primary productivity?

A

Actual Evapotranspiration is the measure of the amount of water lost via evaporation and transpiration
more humid and wet areas have higher primary productivity

44
Q

What is secondary production?

A

Secondary Production is the amount of chemical energy in food converted to consumer biomass per unit time

45
Q

What is trophic efficiency?

A

a measure of the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic levels. In other words, energy flow through an ecosystem

46
Q

On average, how much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next?

A

about 10 percent

100 -> 10-> 1-> 0.1

47
Q

What is biological magnification?

A

A process by which toxins increase in concentration with each trophic level

48
Q

Explain the biogeochemical cycles for water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

A

Water: evapotranspiration/evaporation > condensation> precipitation> runoff

Carbon: photosynthesis> respiration> fossil fuels> extraction> back into atmosphere

Nitrogen: nitrogen fixation> ammonia> assimilation into plants and animals> decay> bacteria converts to ammonium> nitrifying bacteria converts to nitrites> nitrates

Phosphorus: weathering and erosion of rock> assimilation to plants and animals> death/decomposition> sediments> phosphorus> phosphate rock> uplift of rock

49
Q

How do decomposition rates and vegetation affect the rate of nutrient cycling?

A

more decomposition means more nutrients back into the ecosystem to cycle

50
Q

How does CO2 contribute to global warming?

A

increasing CO2 traps more heat and increases temp on earth

51
Q

What is ocean acidification and how is it connected to increasing levels of CO2?

A

when CO2 is absorbed by seawater the pH and concentrations of biologically essential calcium carbonate minerals are lowered

Bio 6C (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions