Exam 2

Question 1

What is fitness?

Answer 1

non-random differences in reproductive capacity

Question 2

What is an example of adaption as a feature?

Answer 2

A babies head is large but flexible. However this predates live births and all vertebrates have flexible heads even without live birth.

Question 3

What is preadaption?

Answer 3

vertebrates head example of heads being flexible before live birth.

Question 4

What is exapptation?

Answer 4

When a species can no longer do what was originally could but has now changed. An example of this is swimming birds that can no longer fly

Question 5

What things can change features that are not adaptations?

Answer 5

Physical/chemical rules
Drift
Correlation with adaptive trait

Question 6

What are the levels of natural selection

Answer 6

Alleles -> usually by its effect on individuals
Individuals -> one or both sexes
Population -> groups
Species

Question 7

What are the most common types of natural selection?

Answer 7

Most common -> Alleles, Individuals

Not common -> Population, Species

Question 8

True or False -

Processes of NS at different levels may oppose each other

Answer 8

True

Question 9

What are ways you can tell if something is an adaptation or not and give examples or definitions

Answer 9

Design Principles - follows certain things that benefit the species hence the adaptation from NS. Fish are torpedo shaped which is an adaptation for speed
Comparative Method- Compare multiple species. Monogamous gorillas have smaller balls then polyamerous chimps
Experiments- Conducting an experiment to test a hypothesis. Soard tailed fish, males with had it removed and placed on a different male without one. Then they watched mating patterns.

Question 10

Natural selection among genes

Answer 10

T locus polymorphism in house mice are starel if they have the homozygouse recessive allele. However the heterozygoes individuals can still reproduce and they have an uneven spread of the recessive and dominant alleles

Question 11

Natural Selection among Individuals

Answer 11

Spots on guppys are attractive however they attract preditation as well. This means that they are more likely to reproduce but also to be eaten.

Question 12

Among Groups

Answer 12

Altruistic traits will increase the fitness of others in the groups around the one with the trait. Will always decrease in frequency because of individual selection. The benefit to the group usually outweighed by cost to individual because individuals reproduce faster then groups. Examples are alarm calling, food sharing and grooming

Question 13

What is kinship?

Answer 13

Offspring resemble their parents

Question 14

What is altruisim and what can it do?

Answer 14

It is when there is a trait in an individual that benefits the group. These are favored within the groups because they see the benefit and treat the individual nicely

Question 15

What are three thing they you should not expect of NS?

Answer 15

Necessity - Polar bears having a white coat to blend in to survive
Perfect - The nerve that goes around your artery
Progress - NS is local, no mechanism to explain species anticipating future
(change is varied and unpredictable)
Morality - everything to be fair. The stronger individual is likely to survive over the weaker one in the wild.

Question 16

True or false -

Without mutation the only variation would be caused by environmental variation

Answer 16

True

Question 17

How does variation arise?

Answer 17

From mutation and recombination

Question 18

True or false -

Dominance of an allele does refer to the frequency of the allele

Answer 18

False -

Dominance of an allele does refer to the frequency of the allele

Question 19

What is a gene?

Answer 19

The place on a chromosome

Question 20

What is an allele?

Answer 20

Actual sequence of DNA

Question 21

What is a point mutation?

Answer 21

Single base change - mistake in replication that changes base pairs in the DNA strand
Often do not affect the protein -
If they do affect the protein it might not affect the phenotype -
Non-coding regions of the DNA can potentially affect the phenotype

Question 22

What is nonsynoymous?

Answer 22

it does change the amino acid and the protein

Question 23

What is synonymous?

Answer 23

it does not change the amino acid

Question 24

What are examples of small scale mutations?

Answer 24

insertion of a base shift reading frame

deletion

Question 25

What are the different types of structural mutations?

Answer 25

``` deletion duplication inversion fission fusion ```

Question 26

What is anagenisis?

Answer 26

Change in heritable variation over time using the frequency of genotype and alleles in the population

Question 27

What does polymorphic mean?

Answer 27

That there is more then one allele in the population. Or more then one gene

Question 28

What does monomorphic mean?

Answer 28

That there is only one of those alleles in the population and the only way to evolve is to mutate

Question 29

How can polymorphic species change?

Answer 29

Change comes with frequency of genotype and potentially allele frequency

Question 30

What are the meaning of the letters in the HW equation? | p2+2pq+g2=1

Answer 30

P2 - frequency of A1 homo 2pq - frequency of hetero q2 - frequency of A2

Question 31

How do you find the genotype frequency?

Answer 31

Divide the number of each genotype by the total number in the population

Question 32

What is polyploidy?

Answer 32

Entire sets of chromosome can be duplicated

Question 33

What is fusion?

Answer 33

genes on two different chromosomes getting combined into one chromosome

Question 34

What is fission?

Answer 34

Single chromosome is split into two.

Question 35

How do most mutations occur?

Answer 35

During replications error during cell division

Question 36

What is pleiotropic?

Answer 36

Most mutations that affect phenotype affect more than just on characteristic

Question 37

True or false - | mutation that effects phynotype may or may not have an effect on fitness

Answer 37

True - | fitness depends on environment

Question 38

How do most mutations effect phenotype and fitness?

Answer 38

Most are negative mutations

Question 39

What four things are true about the randomisation of mutations?

Answer 39

Does not mean they are equally likely, not all regions of DNA are equally mutable Does not mean that the environment can not cause them Does not mean we can not predict when any particularly mutation will happen It is random with respect to the environment, fitness of a mutant depends n the environment but the environment does not always cause "good" mutations

Question 40

What did luria and delbruck find out

Answer 40

spontaneous mutation that happened in lineage before antibiotics was how they were able to pressist

Question 41

What are ways to tell genetic from environmental variation?

Answer 41

Crosses - Correlation between parents and offspring Twin studies - growing up in different environments but with same genetics Common garden experiment - Artificial selection experiments -

Question 42

What is the difference between absolute fitness and relative fitness?

Answer 42

Absolute - per capita growth rate, W = absolute fitness | Relative - more general describing how selection will change genotype frequency, w = relative fitness

Question 43

How do you calculate relative fitness?

Answer 43

Each genotype's absolute fitness is divided by that of the reference genotype

Question 44

True or false - | equal phenotypes have equal fitness

Answer 44

True | there can be selection of genotype, what is selected for is phenotype

Question 45

What does directional selection do?

Answer 45

Favors one allele over the other

Question 46

What is balancing selection?

Answer 46

Tends to maintain genotype and allele frequency at intermediate level