EXAM 2 Flashcards
CAPE COLONY
The first and primary permanent European settlement in far southern Africa, was found to be more accommodating for their tastes, climate, and diseases. Settled by the Dutch - profitable piece of territory for halfway stopping point on journey to and from Asia, profitable for businesses catering to ship traffic. Colony had to be self-sufficient - wasn’t efficient to keep shipping goods from Europe. Recruited doctors, business people, farmers, etc. to settle there.
“WHITE MAN’S BURDEN”
- A developed idea
- Allowed those who came up with the idea to convince themselves that their colonization of Africa was a good thing for the Africans.
- rooted in the sense of superiority and white supremacy
- as being superior, the burden was bringing their superior ways to others because they are inferior
- “Take up the white man’s burden - send forth the best ye breed-go bind your sons to exile to serve your captives need; to wait in heavy harness on fluttered fold and wild-your new-caught sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child.” - Rudyard Kipling 1899
- try to spread Christianity
- Europeans think that Africans have the mind of a child
- whiteness means acceptance
- exploit the Africans for profit
CONGO FREE STATE
- Belgian state
- King is fully sovereign
- -doesn’t care for the people
- -do what needs to be done to make money
- widespread slavery, even though illegal
- people forced into brutal slavery, extorted
- workers forced into rubber and ivory collection
- grab workers in villages
- abled bodied men escaped and deserted when they could
- forces grabbed women and children, held them hostage, threatened
- forces chopped hands off children to say they were defending themselves as proof
- many Europeans disagreed with what was happening
- reform and change didn’t happen fast
- didn’t care enough to do anything
- change only happened after years
- extreme abuse and exploitation
SUEZ CANAL
- Egypt struggling, international debt
- thought building a canal on the western edgy of Sinai would help
- provide shortcut for European ships to and from Asia
- ships could double profit, make more money
- charge for use of canal, pay a toll each entry
- steady source of income
- Egypt has no money to build canal
- contracts with French to build
- Egyptian labor to build
- French get cut of profits
- Canal built
- Egyptians celebrate, moment in the sun, spared no expense, hosted dignitaries
- celebrations drive Egypt to brink of bankruptcy
- income from canal wasn’t enough to help
- government forced to sell canal
- Britain buys canal and takes control
- wasn’t enough money
- rebellion talks start
- Grave concern to Britain
- -feared it would topple govt
- -sale was not “legal”
- -crucial to Britain’s standing as most powerful country
- -talk with Egyptian govt
- -British sent troops
- -once things settled, felt there was enough control
- -Britain ousts Egyptian govt takes control, makes it a new colony
ANGLO-BOER WAR
- Anglo British
- Boer Dutch Farmers
- massive diamond and gold reserves discovered
- Boer territories very wealthy
- Cape Town became less of a frequent stop
- British decide to monitor Boers more
- Boers can’t easily move because of the European presence
- Boers stay and fight to be independent
- -farmers fighting British
- -3 years long
- -Boers make it painful, bloody, costly, knew territory and terrain
- -more success than anyone thought
- -Britain wins
- -Boer territory wealth was not worth the fight to the British
- -governed by small white population, relentless discrimination
- -International government used as an example of systemic racism and discrimination, blacks had no legal rights
THE GREAT REVOLT - SEPOY MUTINY
-ammunition cartridges started the revolt
-Britain needs to get supplies to soldiers around the world
concerned with keeping the ammunition dry
come up with waterproof system
some sent to India, keep the peace, establish British control
auxiliary military forces Indian, carry out British intentions, Sepoys
Sepoys paid and supplied by British
find waterproofing to be offensive
made from the grease or fat of animals
Hindu and Muslim offended
Sepoys instructed to bite open ammunition packs, not only have to handle but have to put into mouth, more offensive
violation of principles
some refused, repeated orders, threatened dismissal
fired, arrested, put in chains, courtmarshalled
those who opened the packages turned on British officers
tried to liberate those arrested
what begins as a mutiny, spreads
effort to get British out
India wants full sovereignty
brutal, atrocious, horror
Britain “wins”, declares India to be under official British rule, colony
OPIUM WARS
millions become addicted to opium in China
coming from the European traders through Canton System
finally something to make money from Chinese
single most traded thing in world
problem for China, trade balance off, buying more than selling
petty crime rises, less are working
China tries to outlaw, too lucrative
Qing dynasty can’t stop it
Sends military force on a raid, destroy all opium confiscated, serious
hopefully discourage more from bringing in
European traders object
British begin to invest in opium, grow poppies in India, closeby
British traders object to Govt
approach Qing - want compensation for all confiscated opium
Qing - No, British become persistent
war begins
mainly naval war
China forced to sue for peace
Britain has all power, make any demands they want
Unequal treaties
ability of Britain to go beyond Canton
missionaries
British control Hong Kong til 1999
China - weak, vulnerable
more world powers demand treaties, missionaries, land
Qing still governs but not much power
unable to withstand western encroachment
rebellion in the air
TAIPING REBELLION
Chinese rebellion directed at govt marked end of Opium wars ordinary Chinese struggling millions join rebellion nationwide led by disillusioned man, thought he was the Chinses second son of God dynasty hopeless never able to suppress the rebellion, big and organized local officials start own militias unequal treaties still being dealt with
MEIJI RESTORATION
overthrew shogun, illegitimate rulers
emperor will be only power, true ruler
revolution illegal, restoration sounded better
Meiji was the reign name
Emperor Meiji ruled until his death
samurai carried out the restoration
new bureaucracy
bring an end to unequal treaties, western encroachment
show the west that they were equals, diplomatically
install western style parliamentary monarchy
takes time to finalize constitution
have to force the west to take them seriously “Rich country, strong military”
SINO-JAPANESE WAR
war between China and Japan
fought in and over Korea
Korean govt facing rebellion
expected China to respond
Japan also came to their aid
China sees this as a breach, fight begins
China expected to win, opposite
Japan emerged as major world power
Chinese empire weak
Japan - radical modernizing
China - conservative
Japan more successful, better equipped and prepared
China sues for peace
China recognized Korea independence, ceded some land, paid large indemnity, gave japan trading rights on Chinese territory
china’s defeat encouraged western powers to make further demands of Chinese
revolutionary activity against the Qing dynasty
BLOODY SUNDAY
russian troops opened fire upon crowd of peaceful protestors
emperor did not order it, people believe he did
became symbol of lack of rights
last of the old school absolutist monarchies
protests erupt all over the country about larger issues
widespread and powerful, need to get under control
series of reforms
creation of parliament
national legislative gody
parliament has barely any power
BALKAN CRISIS
Nationalism, power to affect events
Austria-Hungary invaded and took over Bosnia, made part of Austria
did not like the nationalism
Sets off situation in Serbia, leads to radicalization, trying to prevent takeover from Austria
The Black Hand
nationalist organization that wants Austria to hurt
A-H announces PR convoy of crowned prince, publicize where he will be
Driver gets lost at end of parade, stops car
Assassinate the Prince and Princess after parade through Sarajevo
no fewer than 6 Black hands on that mission
angers Austrian govt
thought it was Serbian govt plan
amounted to act of war
A-H issues ultimatum
agree or else
demands investigators be allowed to access, review files, interview anyone
Serbia agrees to some but not all
A-H declares war on Serbia one month after assassination
TRENCH WARFARE
most common on western front
war was different than any previous war
24/7
both sides used trenches, go underground to get away from explosions
set up defenses
sit and wait in bunkers
have to face cave ins
called upon to engage in battle
sent out from bunker over trenches across fields
no mans land - stretch of land between trenches of opposing side, hard to cross, becomes muddy, almost impossible to pass, churned up by shell fire
barbed wire - impassible obstacle for approaching enemy
front line trench and dug-outs - provide protection but not against direct hit from artillery shell
support trench
deep dug-outs - completely underground and constructed to prevent damage from shell fire
concrete block house for machine guns
reserve trench
communication trenches - for bringing forward reserves without exposing them to enemy fire
long range artillery - placed about 10 km behind the front line, able to fire at advancing troops
fighting in trenches were reduced to hand to hand combat
try to take all trenches
years of fighting, millions of casualties, didn’t gain much
defensive advantage
ultimately ended in stalemate
land obliterated into nothing from artillery fire
land was so badly damaged, vegetation did not grow for decades
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
lopsided treaty at the end of WWI
treaty favors the Entente
Britain and France get everything they want
Germany and Austria look defeated
Entente adds the US near end of war, war ended before the US could enter the fighting, would have allowed a sure win
Central powers worry about revolutions, most political unrest
New regimes struggling to stay in power after revolutions - Germany, Austria couldn’t keep fighting because being stretched thin
trying to figure out how to keep the peace
neutralize the imbalance of power
Germany completely at fault for start of war
treaty says that Germany
—threat to peace
—not allowed to be rich or powerful enough to go to war in future
—lose territory
—military sanctions
—no air force, submarines, limit military size, limit ships
—have to repay entente for every penny spent on war
—payment plan went into the 1950’s
—economically weakened
grant nationalism to keep people happy
redrawing map of Europe
–hungary - independent
–poland - comes back into existence
–Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia effort to create states along nationalist lines
tried to limit the possibility of war
balance powers
CONGRESS OF VIENNA
dissolved the Napoleonic world
national representatives came together to formulate treaties
formed the basic framework for European international policies
aimed at creating lasting peace and maintaining the status quo
opposed to liberal progress, nationalism
ushered in major territorial changes to Europe, create balance of power
After French Revolution and 20 years of war - borders changed
continent was in political unrest
balance of power was in question - alliances changed
raff came between Russia, Prussia, Austria
the worst was avoided due to diplomatic maneuvering
