EXAM 2 Flashcards
1
Q
what type of study collects data at multiples points or over an extended period of time?
a. observational
b. quasi-experimental
c. RCT
d. Longitudinal
A
D. longitudinal
2
Q
Which of the following is not a factor in establishing a causal relationship? A) Confounders B) Relationship C) Temporal D) Sample
A
D. sample
3
Q
Which of the following is true of a randomized controlled trial? A) Also known as observational study B) Uses a control group C) Researchers select the participants D) Retrospective
A
b. uses a control groupd
4
Q
What is a method or intervention that quasi-experimental studies can use to increase the quality of the results if it does not use a comparison group? A) Time-series Design B) Increase sample size C) Randomization D) Identify confounding variables
A
A. times-series design
5
Q
Which of the following are methods to control a study? (Select all that apply). A) Heterogeneity B) Matching C) Randomization D) Script
A
B, C, D
6
Q
A researcher is investigating a population of nurses. Nurses are divided up into cardiac nurses and oncology nurses. What would cardiac nurses or oncology nurses represent? A) Strata B) Eligibility criteria C) Sampling bias D) Representative sample
A
A. Strata
7
Q
A researcher collects data on patients in a labor and delivery unit over a two-month time frame. What type of sampling method is this? A) Quota sampling B) Purposive sampling C) Convenience sampling D) Consecutive sampling
A
D. consecutive sampling
8
Q
Which of the following is a type of probability sampling? A) Convenience Sampling B) Consecutive Sampling C) Systematic Sampling D) Quota Sampling
A
c. systematic sampling
9
Q
What is an example of when a large sample size might not be an accurate representation of the population? A) a power analysis determines the size B) nonprobability sampling is used C) qualitative studies D) observational studies
A
d. nonprobability sampling is used.
10
Q
Benefits of Questionnaires include which of the following? (Select all that apply). A) anonymity B) reach diverse geographical areas C) free from validity errors D) less costly than interviews
A
A, B, D
11
Q
What is one similarity between quantitative and qualitative research designs? A) Blinding B) Control C) Randomization D) Time designs
A
D. time designs
12
Q
Which type of qualitative study design involves fieldwork? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenology C) Grounded Theory D) Case studies
A
a. ethnography
13
Q
Which term is applicable to interpretive phenomenology? A) Bracketing B) Hermeneutics C) Intuiting D) Describing
A
D. hermeneutics
14
Q
Which type of qualitative research focuses on a core variable? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenology C) Grounded theory D) Narrative analysis
A
C. grounded theory
15
Q
Which type of qualitative research method focuses on a single entity? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenology C) Grounded Theory D) Case Studies
A
D. case studies
16
Q
Which sampling technique involves having participants refer other individuals to be participants? A) Convenience B) Purposive C) Theoretical D) Snowball
A
D. snowball
17
Q
What is the primary factor in determining the sample size in qualitative studies? A) Data saturation B) Power analysis C) Qualitative study technique D) Sampling technique
A
A. data saturation
18
Q
Which qualitative study type relies on key informants? A) Phenomenology B) Grounded Theory C) Ethnography D) Observational
A
c. ethnography
19
Q
Which type of data collection technique involves asking a broad general question and asking follow-up questions based on participants responses? A) Participant observation B) Unstructured interviews C) Focus group interviews D) Topic guided interviews
A
b. unstructured interviews
20
Q
Which type of qualitative study type takes the longest time to conduct? A) Ethnography B) Phenomenological C) Grounded Theory D) Longitudinal
A
a. ethnography
21
Q
What makes a research study a mixed-methods study?
A) uses both qualitative and quantitative data collection
B) begins with one research design and shifts to one or more designs as the study progresses
C) combines multiple quantitative research designs to answer one research question
D) design focused on measuring multiple research questions with one method
A
A. uses both
22
Q
Which type of study designation would be seen in a convergent study? A) QUAN -> QUAL B) QUAL -> QUAN C) QUAN + QUAL D) QUAL = QUAN
A
c. quan + qual
23
Q
Which type of study design would occur first in an explanatory design? A) Phenomenological B) Grounded Theory C) Ethnographic D) Quasi-experimental
A
d. quasi
24
Q
Which phase of a clinical trial focuses on pilot testing? A) Phase I B) Phase II C) Phase III D) Phase IV
A
b. phase II
25
```
What type of study design utilizes the plan-do-study-act process?
A) Evaluation Research
B) Clinical Trials
C) Quality Improvement Studies
D) Nursing Intervention Research
```
c. quality improvement studies
26
```
Which level of measurement applies to IQ scores?
A) Nominal
B) Ordinal
C) Interval
D) Ratio
```
C. interval
27
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Which type of distribution is represented by a bell-curve?
A) Frequency
B) Skewed
C) Symmetric
D) Normal
```
D. normal
28
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What is the sum of all variables divided by the number of participants?
A) Mean
B) Mode
C) Range
D) Median
```
A . mean
29
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To be statistically significant what standard deviation value is needed with a normal distribution?
A) < 1
B) within 2
C) 3-4
D) > 5
```
b. within 2
30
```
Which value is best at establishing statistical significance?
A) p
B) Chi-squared
C) t
D) ANOVA
```
a. p value
31
```
Which values are specific for calculating reliability? (Select all that apply).
A) Cohen’s kappa
B) Specificity
C) Cronbach’s alpha
D) Intraclass correlation coefficient
```
A, C, And D
32
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A test for strep throat has been developed. The test shows positive for every case of strep throat, but also shows positive for influenza. What is the best way to classify this test?
A) Highly specific and highly sensitive
B) Highly specific and low sensitivity
C) Low specificity and highly sensitive
D) Low specificity and low sensitivity
```
C
33
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What guidelines are used to track variations in a sample?
A) CONSORT
B) PRISMA
C) JCAHO
D) HCAPPS
```
a. consort
34
```
Which factor is useful in determining group-level clinical significance?
A) p
B) Power analysis
C) Minimal important change
D) Number needed to treat
```
D. # needed to treat
35
```
What is used to calculate individual-level clinical significance?
A) t-test
B) benchmark
C) CONSORT
D) chi-squared
```
b. benchmark
36
Which of the following are methods to measure minimum individual change? (Select all that apply).
A) using a 0.5 standard deviation threshold
B) benchmark
C) aiming for a 95% confidence interval
D) having patient’s rate what is significant
A, B and D
37
```
When reading a qualitative research study, what term would describe a qualitative data analytic method?
A) Chi-square
B) Independent t-test
C) Logistic regression
D) Content analysis
```
d. content analysis
38
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What is narrative information in a qualitative study broken down into first?
A) Constructs
B) Theory
C) Codes
D) Themes
```
c. codes
39
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Which style of qualitative analysis uses domain analysis?
A) Qualitative Content Analysis
B) Ethnography
C) Phenomenology
D) Grounded Theory
```
b. ethnography
40
```
Which phenomenologist analyzes artistic works in their analytical methods?
A) van Manen
B) Colaizzi
C) Heidegger
D) Giorgi
```
A. van Manen
41
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What method is present in all areas of grounded theory analysis?
A) selective coding
B) conceptual description
C) paradigm development
D) constant comparison
```
d. constant comparison
42
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What component is required in qualitative research to claim a study is credible?
A) Confirmability
B) Authentiticy
C) Transferability
D) Dependability
```
d. dependability
43
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What is a strategy used in qualitative research to reduce bias?
A) Prolonged engagement
B) Reflexive journaling
C) Persistent observation
D) Audit trail
```
b. reflexive journaling
44
```
What process in qualitative research involves checking that the themes are congruent with the participant’s beliefs?
A) Member check
B) Triangulation
C) Reflexivity
D) Persistent Observation
```
a. member check
45
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What strategy in a qualitative study involves getting multiple researchers for data collection, coding, and analysis?
A) Inquiry audit
B) Investigator triangulation
C) Negative case analysis
D) Peer debriefing
```
b. investigator triangulation
46
Which technique helps establish researcher credibility in qualitative research?
A) Investigator Triangulation with at least three researchers
B) Audit Trail conducted before two inquiry audits
C) Peer debriefing with at least five peers
D) Including information about the researcher in the study
d. including information about the researcher in the study
47
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What component is used in types of systematic reviews to measure the impact of the independent variable?
A) Sample
B) Research Design
C) Effect Size
D) Outcome
```
c. effect size
48
When would it not be appropriate to use a meta-analysis?
A) multiple studies have a similar research question
B) good quality studies with conflicting results
C) mostly primary research studies related to the phenomenon
D) Cohen’s d can be easily calculated
b. good quality studies with conflicting results
49
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What is a risk that can occur in a meta-analysis if the study excludes articles are that are not peer-reviewed?
A) Intrinsic bias
B) Reduced validity
C) Publication bias
D) Reduced reliability
```
c. publication bias
50
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What technique is used to display the effect sizes of multiple studies to assess if it is appropriate to do a meta-analysis?
A) Forest plot
B) Cohen’s d
C) Odd’s Ratio
D) Pearson’s r
```
a. forest plot
51
What is different about the research design for a metasynthesis versus a meta-analysis?
A) focus on primary research studies
B) researchers same as those of studies included
C) calculate effect size for data analysis
D) begin with a focused research question
b. researchers some as those of studies included
