Exam 2 Flashcards
What are the 3 criteria for a true “first word?”
- purposeful
- Consistent pronunciation similar to adult form
- Used consistently beyond context in which it was learned
What is phonetically consistent form? (PCF)
- Word like production that a child uses consistently but is NOT similar to the adult form
- example: iiiii for water being used consistently
Toddlers continue to use and rely on ____ to support language learning as they transition from prelinguistic stage to first words
Gestures
What are the two types of gestures that toddlers use during the transition stage?
Referential and Deictic
Referential gestures details
-Precise referent and stable meaning across contexts (wave bye-bye)
Deictic gestures details
- Pointing, showing, giving
- imperative pointing: pointing used so adult will get an object
- Declarative pointing: pointing used to call adult’s attention to something, make a comment
Gesture use at 14 months predicts ___ size at 3;6
vocabulary
Characteristics of first words
Lots of nouns
Present in child’s environment (people, food, clothing, body parts, animals, household items)
Things that are important to them, community and culture
Toddlers continue to rely on ____ to support language development during transition from prelinguistic stage to first words
Gestures
What is the relationship between word comprehension and production during semantic development?
Children need to understand language before they are able to produce it
Children typically understand around __ words before they learn to say their first __ words
10
50
For the first 50 words, the rate of comprehension is ____ as fast as production
Twice
What is the timeline for word spurt?
1;0 first words appear
1;0 to 1;6, children slowly acquire 50 words or so
1;6 to 2;0, word spurt and word combinations begin
On average, word spurt occurs around _, first __ words are acquired
1;6
50
What are the two styles of word learning?
Expressive
Referential
Expressive word learning details
- More even distribution across categories (nominals, action words, personal-social words, modifiers)
- Higher use of social-personal words
Referential word learning details
• Dominance of general nominals vs personal-social words, action words and modifiers
Why is there separation between referential and expressive learners?
Environmental influences
Individual preference
Semantics: What are Nelson’s categories of meaning?
Personal-social words
Nominals
Modifiers
Action words
Nominals can be broken up into two categories, ____ and _____
Nominals (definition)
General and specific
Most frequent type in production, Another word for noun
General vs specific nominals (definition and examples)
General: All members of a category, Banana, cup, hat, etc
Specific: Names of individual examples in a category, Specific cat named fluffy, teddy bear named Bobo
Nominals examples
- Sound effects and animals: moo, meow, quack, dog, cat
- Food and drink: juice, milk, cookie, apple
- Body parts/clothing: nose, eye, mouth, shoes, hat
- House/outdoors: clock, light, cup, bottle, tree
- People: baby, family members
- Toys and vehicles: ball, block, car, boat
Action words definition
Most frequency type in comprehension
Words that describe or accompany an action
Types of action words + examples
- General actions: Up, sit, go, eat, see, down
- Locatives (preposition, location words): In, on table, bed
- Social-action games: Peekaboo, where’s baby
Personal social words definition
Words that express affective states or social relationships
Personal-social words examples
- Assertions: Yes, no, want, hmmm, mhm
* Social expressive actions: Hi, bybe-bye, nite-nite, please, thank you
Modifiers definition
Words that refer to properties and qualities of things or event
Modifiers examples
- Attributes (often adjectives): Big, little
- States: All gone, hot, happy, more, dirty, cold
- Locatives: There, come-here, here
- Possessives: Mine, Daddy bed, mommy food, etc.
What is word mapping?
Forming a link between a referent and a symbol
Tier 1 principles are the basic skills that infants bring to word learning, what are the three principles:
Reference words
Extendibility words
Object scope words
Reference words details
Symbolize things in our world
Extendibility words details
Extendibility words: Words label categories or objects
Object scope words details
Words label whole objects not parts, I.e. what is the scope of an object?
Tier 2 provides principles that are used to refine tier 1 words, what are the three?
Conventionality, categorical scope, novel-name or nameless category
Conventionality details
Words are refined based on how they are used in a community
Categorical scope details
Limits extendibility of words to items within the same category
Novel name or nameless category details
- Children select an unknown object when presented with a novel label
- Process of elimination
How are new words learned?
Segment words from continuous speech
Find examples of the word in the world
Map the word to its referent and concept
What is the complete word mapping process? (2 steps)
- Fast mapping: Child gets an initial, tentative definition connecting the word to available information, association
- Slow mapping: Extended phase where the child gradually refines the definition with new information gained with additional experience, Refine the meaning
What are the three word learning strategies discussed in class?
cognitive strategies, linguistic strategies, expressive strategies
Cognitive word learning strategies are best for learning ___
nouns
Cognitive strategies details and assumptions
- Whole word assumption: Words refer to whole objects, Corgi is the whole animal
- Type assumption: Words refer to a category, not an individual, Corgi is a type of dog not the name of the dog
- Basic level assumption: Words refer to objects that are alike in basic ways, Corgi is not a word for animals, but for a class of animals
- Mutual exclusivity: Words differ in meaning, Corgi does not mean dog, nose or other words that the child knows
Linguistic word learning strategies are best for learning ___
verbs
Linguistic word learning strategies involve ___ and ____
Bootstrapping and language structures
Linguistic word learning strategies: bootstrapping details
o Using what you know to support what you don’t know
o Semantic bootstrapping: use semantic knowledge to figure out unfamiliar syntax
o Syntactic bootstrapping: use syntactic knowledge to figure out unfamiliar meaning
Linguistic word learning strategies: Language structures details
o Provide insight to word meanings o Articles indicate members of a class o Lack of articles indicates names and classes o This is a dog vs This is Ben vs These are dogs.
Expressive word learning strategies involve ___, ____, and ____
Making statements, testing hypothesis, asking
Expressive word learning strategies: making statements details
o Child says a word and waits for a response
o May be used when the child is certain of the word or in trial and error mode
o More intentional in wanting a response
o Horsie. Cup. Big.
Expressive word learning strategies: testing hypothesis details
o Child says word with rising intonation awaiting reassurance or confirmation by the conversational partner
o Asking a question but have not learned how to ask a full question
o Doggie? Run? All-gone?
Expressive word learning strategies: asking details
o Child is unsure of the word so asks
o What’s that?
What is the purpose of overextensions, underextensions, and appropriate use?
Refine semantics in the categorical scope
Children are making hypotheses as they are learning language, then refine words based on experience
What is overextension?
Using wider range of meaning than the adult form
What are the three types of overextensions?
Categorical, analogical, relational
Categorical overextension details
o Extend word to a referent in the same or close category
o Dada for mother, truck for bus, apple for all fruits
o Most common type of overextension
Analogical overextension details
o Extend the word to a referent that is perceptually similar
o Tick for sound of dripping water, hat for basket on the head
o Relating to one of the five senses
Relational overextension details
o Extend the word to a referent that is semantically or thematically similar
o Hot for objects that are forbidden to touch, bird for a plane
o Something that is the same theme, does not involve the senses
What is appropriate use + examples?
Word used appropriately
Example: Sees a ball and calls it ball
What is underextension + example?
A more limited range of meaning than the adult form
Most common and often goes unnoticed, more common than overextension
Example: Only calls a ball a ball when seen in a picture book
What do underextensions show?
Shows that children tend to use words cautiously and conservatively when learning
Children can sometimes develop associative complexes which are ….
String of associations
Why do word use errors happen?
o Category membership errors (still refining the categories and their features)
o Retrieval error
o Incomplete knowledge of semantic features
o Limited vocabulary so using known word for unknown word
o Phonological simplicity: Word is too hard to say so they say something simpler
Semantic feature analysis works to improve ____ by activating elements of a ____ network, helps to better distinguish and ___ each category
word retrieval
semantic
define
What are Dale’s four stages of vocab knowledge development?
o Stage 1: no knowledge of the word
-I’ve heard of it but don’t know what it means
o Stage 2: emergent knowledge
-I’ve heard it but do not know what it means
o Stage 3: contextual knowledge
-I recognize it in context – it has something to do with ….
o Stage 4: full knowledge
-I know it.
What is the 30 million word gap study and its significance?
o Based on research by Hart and Risley, 1980s
o Researchers looked at words produced by various income levels
o Showed 30 million word gap between professional and welfare level families
o Children had much less word input
What is phonology?
o Set of rules that govern the occurrence and distribution of phonemes
o Specific to each language