exam 2 Flashcards
what is assessment?
the process of collecting and interpreting relevant data for clinical decision making
what is the purpose of assessment?
Description
Differential diagnosis
Intervention planning
Outcome measurement
what is diagnosis?
assigning an individual to a particular category based on attributes, characteristics, and behaviors
what is evaluation?
the actual process used while arriving at a diagnosis
what is the emphasis of the medical model?
identification of possible causes
what is appraisal phase?
collection of quantitative and qualitative data
what is the diagnosis phase?
interpretation of these data in order to decide whether a problem exists and differentiate problem from other similar problems (differential diagnosis)
what is the descriptive developmental mode?
Emphasis is placed on describing the clients’ present communication behaviors rather than on causal factors or categorization of the disorder.
appraisal and diagnosis phase are less distinct
what is the medical model focus on?on?
identification of possible causes?
what is the descriptive-development model?
describing the clients’ present communication behaviors rather than on causal factors or categorization of the disorder.
are appriasal and diagnosis distinct in the descriptive-deveopmental model?
no
what are the 3 most important assessment tools for SLP?
Foundational knowledge and skills
Professional knowledge and skills
Cultural competence
how do you assure a child-friendly assessment?
Ensure that a child has the opportunity to contribute information, thoughts, ideas, and feelings beyond his or her performance on a test
what is the assessment context consist of?
physicial environment- location, room, background noise
what should you consider for assessment context?
Consider what context will enable you to best assess children’s performance (on the day) and capacity (the best they can do)
multidisciplinary
Professionals typically work independently within their own discipline-specific parameters
interdisciplinary
Maintain their discipline-specific identities, but have a coordinated organizational structure to identify children’s areas of need; work interdependently
what is referral?
Gather information and find out the reason for the referral; begin to generate a hypothesis
what is background info?
gather case history information
what are assessments useful for?
- describing children’s abilities and weaknesses
- diagnosing presence or absence of SSD
- plan intervention
- measuring the outcome of intervention
what are standardized assessments?
they are consistent, can be norm or criterion referenced
what are informal assessments?
not standardized or accompanies by normative data
what are developmental scores?
age equivalent and grade equivalents
what do criterion referenced assessments do?
Measure a child’s performance against the ability to produce a target skill rather than against other children’s performance on a tool designed to assess that skill
are criterion-referenced assessments standardized or informal
can be both
what do criterion referenced tests allow us to measure?
to measure skills in terms of absolute levels of mastery.
what does criterion referenced test do?
do not tell us whether an individual differs significantly from the norm but are useful in helping to establish baseline functioning, developing intervention targets and in documenting progress.
what are the limitations of standardized measures?
does not represent of real world
cannot accomodate differences
when are screening assessments used?
to identify children who need further assessment
what are screening assesments useful for?
detecting the presence of absence of S S D but do not offer sufficient information for definitive diagnosis and intervention planning
what are 2 types of screenings?
primary screening and secondary screening
what is primary screening?
for mass populations; usually done by non-S L Ps (e.g., doctors, community nurses, teachers)
what is secondary screening?
usually done by S L Ps to identify areas (e.g., speech, language, fluency, voice) requiring comprehensive assessment
what are the scores of screening based on?
pass or fail
what is the issue w sensitivity?
false positives and false negatives
what is a informal screening?
asking simple question (e.g., (what is your name? What is your favorite toys, games, books? What did you do today?)
what is an formal screening?
Preschool Language Scale (PLS) (2000)
Quick Screen of Phonology (QSP) (1990)
what are diagnostic assessments?
Comprise detailed comprehensive information for diagnosing a child’s type of S S D
what are diagnostic assessments used for?
Used for intervention planning (e.g., selecting intervention targets and intervention approaches)
what is a static asssessment?
A child’s performance is assessed at one time
what are dynamic assessments?
consider a child’s performance and capacity to learn
are cues and feedback provided during a dynamic assessment?
yes, to find child’s best capacity
who inspired dynamic assessments?
vygostky’s zone of proximal development
what are the components of a routine comprehensive speech assessment?
Children’s context and development
Intelligibility
Speech production
what is intelligibility?
how well a listener understands a speaker
how can you assess intelligibility?
Rating scales (page 246)
Single-word measures
Connected speech measures
what is the issue of intelligbility?
the interdependence of the listener and the speaker; Listeners may make a different judgement
what speech elements are considered during an assessment?
Consonants Consonant clusters (if used in a language) Vowels and diphthongs Syllables and polysyllabic words Prosody Tones (if used in a language)
are consonants easier to produce in monosyllables or polysyllabic words
monosyllabic
are consonants produced in singleton contexts easier to produce than in consonant cluster contexts
yes
are velar consonants produced with back vowels easier than front vowels?
yes
are velars consonants easier in intial or final position?
initial
how to most articulation tests sample single consonants?
Most articulation tests sample singleton consonants in word-initial and word-final position, usually in monosyllabic words
what are phonology test?
sample potential for pattern-based errors
what are the four steps for eliciiting single words?
- Ask “What’s this?” (bird)
- Provide a clue “It has wings and flies”
- Provide a binary choice with the target word produced first “Is it a bird or a house?”
- Provide delayed imitation “It’s a bird. What is it?”
Provide direct imitation. “Say bird”
what is connected speech sampling?
Provides a real-world (natural) view of children’s intelligibility and ability to produce speech in context
how many skills can you assess in connected speech sampling?
various
how do u assess connected speech?
Sample during play, narrative retell, picture description, sentence repetition, passage reading
how much of a sample do u need for connected speech?
min. 100 different words
adequate is 200-250
how is stimulability examined?
testing a child’s ability to produce a speech element that is in error (usually a consonant), in different contexts with instructional cues
what type of assesment is stimulability testing?
dynamic
how do you examine variability?
- Different realizations of a sound in different words (e.g., /k/ realized differently in key /ki/ → [ki] and cat /kæt/ → [tæt])
- Different realizations of the same word (e.g., sleep /slip/ → [swip], [lip], [fliː])
what factors affect variability?
sampling condiiton and pragmatic condition
How Do You Assess Phonological Processing
Phonological access / naming
Phonological memory
Phonological awareness
how do you assess phonological access/ naming?
rapid naming tasks
ow do you assess phonological memory?
non-word repetition tasks
how do you assess phonological awareness?
tasks that require child to identify/ manipulate rhyme, syllables, and phonemes in words
what is the most complex level of phonoloical awarness?
Manipulation of sounds
Identifying changes & Deletion of sounds
Segment & Blending sounds
what ist he most simple phonological awareness abiliity?
Rhyming
Word/syllable segmentation/blending/deletion
why do we assess literacy of children w ssd?
Preschoolers with suspected S S D are at risk of literacy difficulties
School-age children with S S D may have literacy difficulties
