EXAM 2 Flashcards
Interrupting which herb after taking it for a long time may result in difficulty sleeping, headaches, joint pain, nervousness, and stiff muscles?
- ) Boswellin
- ) Butterbur
- ) Devil’s claw
- ) Feverfew
4
Indicate whether the statement fits the description of ginkgo biloba, St. John’s wort, or both:
- ) Plant part(s) used: leaf only
- ) Plant part(s) used: leaf and flowers
- ) Clinically-proven preparations are 35-67:1 concentrates
- ) Extracts contain phytochemicals from the flavonoid family
Choices:
A.) Ginkgo biloba
B.) St. John’s wort
C.) Both Ginkgo biloba and St. John’s wort
- ) Ginkgo biloba
- ) St. John’s wort
- ) Ginkgo biloba
- ) Both Ginkgo biloba and St. John’s wort
Which constituent of ginkgo must be removed because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions?
- ) bilobalides
- ) kaempferol glycosides
- ) ginkgolic acids
- ) ginkgolides
3.) ginkgolic acids
On which two families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized?
- ) vanillic acids
- ) hydroxykynurenic acids
- ) flavonoid glycosides
- ) terpene lactones
- ) flavonoid glycosides
4. ) terpene lactones
Distinguish between the pharmacological effects of ginkgo biloba and St. John’s wort
- ) Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters
- ) Upregulates 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors
- ) Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia
- ) Inhibits platelet activation factor (PAF)
- ) Increases skin response to the effects of UV radiation
- ) Inhibits age-related decline of choline and alpha-adrenergic receptors
Choices:
A.) Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort)
B.) Ginkgo biloba
- ) Hypericum perforatum
- ) Hypericum perforatum
- ) Ginkgo biloba
- ) Ginkgo biloba
- ) Hypericum perforatum
- ) Ginkgo biloba
The German Commission E determined that ginkgo extracts were indicated for all of the following except _____________.
- ) cognitive deficits due to organic brain disease
- ) prevention of stroke
- ) intermittent claudication
- ) vertigo or tinnitus, if due to vascular or involutional etiology
2.) prevention of stroke
T/F: Only St. John’s wort extracts with moderate to high hyperforin content have been found effective in clinical trials
False
T/F: The placebo effect probaby accounts for at least 50% of the beneficial effects of St. John’s wort on depression
True
T/F: Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages of either ginkgo or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression, respectively.
True
T/F: Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur within one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum extracts.
False
St. John’s wort may interact significantly with which of the following types of drugs? (Choose the most complete answer)
- ) All of these
- ) Anticoagulants
- ) Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
- ) Two of these
- ) Immunosuppressants
- ) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
1.) All of these
Match the common name with the Latin binomial:
- ) Kava
- ) Hops
- ) Lemon balm
Choices:
A.) Humulus lupulus
B.) Piper methysticum
C.) Melissa officinalis
- ) Piper methysticum
- ) Humulus lupulus
- ) Melissa officinalis
Match the herb with the plant part(s) primarily used:
- ) Kava
- ) Valerian
- ) Lavender
- ) Hops
- ) Lemon balm
- ) Passion flower
Choices: A.) strobiles (female flowers) B.) rhizome C.) aerial parts, including fruits D.) flowers only, any gender E.) leaf F.) root
- ) rhizome
- ) root
- ) flowers only, any gender
- ) strobiles (female flowers)
- ) leaf
- ) aerial parts, including fruits
Match the herb with its active constituent(s) or the biochemical families the constituent(s) belong to:
- ) sesquiterpenes
- ) linalyl acetate and cineol
- ) pyrones
- ) humulone and lupulone
Choices: A.) Lavender B.) Hops C.) Kava D.) Valerian
- ) Valerian
- ) Lavender
- ) Kava
- ) Hops
Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy?
- ) Valerian
- ) Lavender
- ) Lemon balm
- ) Hops
- ) Passion flower
2.) Lavender
Which potential adverse reaction to kava has led to a product recall in Europe and a public warning issued by the US FDA?
- ) Teratogenicity
- ) Liver damage
- ) Carcinogenicity
- ) Kidney damage
2.) Liver damage
T/F: Aqueous and ethanol extracts of valerian root are equivalent in the quality of their actions.
False
Which subspecies of Valerian is recommended for use in valerian preparations?
- ) indica
- ) officinalis
- ) edulis
- ) japonica
2.) officinalis
Valerian products with a high content of which constituent should not be used due to potential toxicity?
- ) Valerenic acid
- ) Acetoxyvalerenic acid
- ) Valepotriates
3.) Valepotriates
Upon which neurotransmitter does Valerian appear to exert its pharmacological effects?
- ) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- ) Acetylcholine
- ) Dopamine
- ) Norepinephrine
1.) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
T/F: At least one human study has demonstrated that valerian extract had no adverse effects on the reaction time, alertness, or concentration.
True
T/F: Patients with sleep disturbances can expect to achieve improvement after only a few days of valerian use.
False
According to our text, which two additional herbal calmatives have each been tested in combination with valerian in clinical studies?
- ) Kava and hops
- ) Lavender and lemon balm
- ) Passion flower and kava
- ) Lemon balm and kava
- ) Lavender and hops
- ) Lemon balm and hops
- ) Passion flower and lavender
6.) Lemon balm and hops
Which of the following measures were affected in human studies of the effects of lavender? (Choose the most complete answer)
- ) Increased “happiness” based on autonomic nervous system responses
- ) Decline in EEG potentials that correlate with vigilance and alertness
- ) All of these
- ) Self-rated sedation
- ) Two of these
- ) More relaxed and less depressed self-rated mood
3.) All of these
Match the reported side effect with the botanical agent:
- ) Dystonia
- ) Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease
- ) Headache, appetite changes, constipation
- ) Breast growth in young boys
Choices:
A.) Lavender (oral use)
B.) Lavender (topical use)
C.) Kava
- ) Kava C
- ) Kava C
- ) Lavender (oral use) A
- ) Lavender (topical use) B
Match the common name with the Latin binomial:
- ) Foxglove
- ) Hawthorne
- ) Horse chestnut
- ) Guarana
Choices: A.) Crataegus monogyna B.) Digitalis purpurea C.) Paullinia cupana D.) Aesculus hippocastanum
- ) Digitalis purpurea B
- ) Crataegus monogyna A
- ) Aesculus hippocastanum D
- ) Paullinia cupana C
Match the herb with the plant part(s) used:
- ) Hawthorne
- ) Rosemary
- ) Horse chestnut
- ) Butcher’s broom
Choices: A.) leaves only B.) leaves and flowers C.) seed D.) rhizome
- ) leaves and flowers
- ) leaves only
- ) seed
- ) rhizome
Match the herb with its active constituent(s) or the biochemical families the constituent(s) belong to:
- ) Hawthorne
- ) Coffee and black tea
- ) Indian snakeroot
- ) Horse chestnut
Choices: A.) reserpine B.) flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins C.) aescin D.) methylxanthines
- ) flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins
- ) methylxanthines
- ) reserpine
- ) aescin
A combination of hawthorn extract and what essential oil was found effective for raising blood pressure in subjects with orthostatic hypotension?
- ) Camphor oil
- ) Peppermint oil
- ) Lavender oil
- ) Rosemary oil
1.) Camphor oil
T/F: A single dose of hawthorn extract has discernible effects on subjective complaints related to cardiac insufficiency
False
Which of the following are pharmacological effects of hawthorn extracts demonstrated in preclinical research in vitro or in animal models? (Choose the most complete answer)
- ) Cardioprotective effects during recovery from cardiac ischemia, indicated by reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase
- ) Increased amplitude of myocardial contractions
- ) All of these
- ) Increase in cardiac stroke volume
- ) Two of these
- ) Increase in coronary blood flow
3.) All of these
How does hawthorn extract differ pharmacologically from cardiac glycosides such as digitalis?
- ) Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
- ) Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
- ) Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
- ) Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
1.) Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy for circulatory disorders?
- ) Indian snakeroot
- ) Rosemary
- ) Mate’
- ) Guarana
2.) Rosemary
Which two botanicals owe their circulatory effects to the presence of caffeine and related substances?
- ) Mate’
- ) Guarana
- ) Rosemary
- ) Indian snakeroot
- ) Mate’
2. ) Guarana
According to our text, which outcomes have been demonstrated in human studies of horse chestnut extract? (Choose the most complete answer)
- ) Significantly reduced symptomatic complaints in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
- ) Significantly reduced foot and ankle edema after a long distance airplane flight
- ) All of these
- ) Two of these
- ) Significantly reduced leg volume in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
- ) Equivalence between horse chestnut extract and compression stocking therapy for reducing edema in patients with chronic venous insuffici
3.) All of these
Esculin is a toxin that must be processed out of ___________, and is one reason why the raw or unprocessed herb should not be used.
- ) Butcher’s broom
- ) Oleander
- ) Horse chestnut
- ) Hawthorne
3.) Horse chestnut
Match the common name with the Latin binomial:
- ) Bitter orange
- ) Artichoke
- ) Turmeric
- ) Dandelion
- ) Wild candytuft
- ) Licorice
Choices: A.) Taraxacum officinalis B.) Citrus aurantium C.) Glycyrrhiza glabra D.) Cynarum scolymus E.) Iberis amara F.) Curcuma longa
- ) Citrus aurantium B
- ) Cynarum scolymus D
- ) Curcuma longa F
- ) Taraxacum officinalis A
- ) Iberis amara E
- ) Glycyrrhiza glabra C
Match the herb with the plant part(s) used:
- ) Artichoke
- ) Ginger
- ) Caraway
- ) Chamomile
Choices: A.) Fruit (seed) B.) Rhizome only C.) Leaves only D.) Flowers
- ) Leaves only
- ) Rhizome only
- ) Fruit (seed)
- ) Flowers
Match the herb with its active constituent(s) or the biochemical families the constituent(s) belong to:
- ) Peppermint
- ) Turmeric
- ) Artichoke
- ) Wormwood
Choices: A.) Curcumin B.) Menthol C.) Sesquiterpene lactones D.) Cynarin
- ) Menthol
- ) Curcumin
- ) Cynarin
- ) Sesquiterpene lactones
Match the botanical term with the mechanism of action associated with it in the treatment of digestive tract dysfunction:
- ) Bitter
- ) Cholegogue
- ) Carminative
Choices:
A.) Relieve bloating and fullness by facilitating gas expulsion
B.) Stimulate gastric secretions
C.) Promote bile production and emptying of the gallbladder
- ) Stimulate gastric secretions
- ) Promote bile production and emptying of the gallbladder
- ) Relieve bloating and fullness by facilitating gas expulsion
Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use:
- ) Artichoke
- ) Peppermint oil
- ) Licorice
Choices:
A.) Peptic ulcer
B.) Irritable bowel syndrome
C.) Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake
- ) Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake
- ) Irritable bowel syndrome
- ) Peptic ulcer
Which alcoholic beverage uses wormwood as an ingredient?
- ) Absinthe
- ) Amaretto
- ) Kahlua
- ) Brandy
1.) Absinthe
A combination of peppermint oil and which other essential oil has been shown effective for treating functional dyspepsia?
- ) Anise
- ) Wormwood
- ) Fennel
- ) Caraway
4.) Caraway
According to our text, as treatment or prevention of nausea and vomiting, the effectiveness of ginger is least convincing when which of the following is the cause?
- ) Chemotherapy
- ) Sea sickness
- ) Morning sickness
- ) Postoperative
4.) Postoperative
T/F: In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint oil given in delayed-release (enteric-coated) formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations, and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort.
True
Which component of licorice has mineralocorticoid-like action, and is removed in some formulations to prevent side effects of blood pressure elevation and potassium loss?
- ) Paparavine
- ) Glycyrrhizin
- ) Liquiritin
- ) Absinthin
2.) Glycyrrhizin
Which herb is recommended NOT to be used in large amounts during pregnancy, based on research suggesting increased risk of preterm labor?
- ) Chamomile
- ) Licorice
- ) Peppermint
- ) Ginger
2.) Licorice
Match the common name with the Latin binomial:
- ) Black tea
- ) Bilberry
- ) Flax
- ) Psyllium
- ) Castor
- ) Milk thistle
Choices: A.) Ricinus communis B.) Camellia sinensis C.) Silybum marianum D.) Linum usitatissimum E.) Vaccinium myrtillus F.) Plantago species
- ) Camellia sinensis
- ) Vaccinium myrtillus
- ) Linum usitatissimum
- ) Plantago species
- ) Ricinus communis
- ) Silybum marianum
Match the substances with their mechanism of action:
- ) Saccharomyces boulardii
- ) Psyllium husk
- ) Sorbitol
- ) Senna pods and leaves
- ) Buckthorn bark
- ) Aloe latex
Choices:
A.) Osmotic laxative
B.) Bulk-forming laxative
C.) Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
D.) Antagonize pathogens and stimulate enteric immune system
- ) Antagonize pathogens and stimulate enteric immune system
- ) Bulk-forming laxative
- ) Osmotic laxative
- ) Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
- ) Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
- ) Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
Tannin-containing herbs can play an important role in the control of which health condition?
- ) Alcoholic liver disease
- ) Hepatitis
- ) Constipation
- ) Acute diarrhea
4.) Acute diarrhea
The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent?
- ) Tannins
- ) Hemicelluloses
- ) Pectins
- ) Muciliages
3.) Pectins
According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but one of the following causes. Which one?
- ) Infectious diarrhea
- ) Nutritionally-related (feeding by gavage)
- ) Travel-related diarrhea
- ) Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
1.) Infectious diarrhea
T/F: Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles.
False
Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain.
- ) Bulk-forming agents
- ) Anthranoid-containing herbs
- ) Osmotic agents
2.) Anthranoid-containing herbs
Which of the following is an FDA-approved non-prescription drug?
- ) Rhubarb
- ) Buckthorn
- ) Senna
- ) Cascara
3.) Senna
Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA-approved for use in over-the-counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data?
- ) Cascara
- ) Rhubarb
- ) Aloe latex
- ) Senna
- ) Cascara
3. ) Aloe latex
Which botanical laxative is contraindicated in cases of biliary obstruction and other biliary disorders?
- ) Aloe
- ) Buckthorn
- ) Castor oil
- ) Senna
3.) Castor oil