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560 P BOTANICAL MEDICINE > EXAM 2 > Flashcards

EXAM 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Interrupting which herb after taking it for a long time may result in difficulty sleeping, headaches, joint pain, nervousness, and stiff muscles?

  1. ) Boswellin
  2. ) Butterbur
  3. ) Devil’s claw
  4. ) Feverfew
A

4

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2
Q

Indicate whether the statement fits the description of ginkgo biloba, St. John’s wort, or both:

  1. ) Plant part(s) used: leaf only
  2. ) Plant part(s) used: leaf and flowers
  3. ) Clinically-proven preparations are 35-67:1 concentrates
  4. ) Extracts contain phytochemicals from the flavonoid family

Choices:
A.) Ginkgo biloba
B.) St. John’s wort
C.) Both Ginkgo biloba and St. John’s wort

A
  1. ) Ginkgo biloba
  2. ) St. John’s wort
  3. ) Ginkgo biloba
  4. ) Both Ginkgo biloba and St. John’s wort
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3
Q

Which constituent of ginkgo must be removed because it has been shown to incite allergic responses and other toxic reactions?

  1. ) bilobalides
  2. ) kaempferol glycosides
  3. ) ginkgolic acids
  4. ) ginkgolides
A

3.) ginkgolic acids

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4
Q

On which two families of constituents are medicinal ginkgo extracts standardized?

  1. ) vanillic acids
  2. ) hydroxykynurenic acids
  3. ) flavonoid glycosides
  4. ) terpene lactones
A
  1. ) flavonoid glycosides

4. ) terpene lactones

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5
Q

Distinguish between the pharmacological effects of ginkgo biloba and St. John’s wort

  1. ) Inhibits synaptic reuptake of neurotransmitters
  2. ) Upregulates 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors
  3. ) Increases tolerance of brain tissue to hypoxia
  4. ) Inhibits platelet activation factor (PAF)
  5. ) Increases skin response to the effects of UV radiation
  6. ) Inhibits age-related decline of choline and alpha-adrenergic receptors

Choices:
A.) Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort)
B.) Ginkgo biloba

A
  1. ) Hypericum perforatum
  2. ) Hypericum perforatum
  3. ) Ginkgo biloba
  4. ) Ginkgo biloba
  5. ) Hypericum perforatum
  6. ) Ginkgo biloba
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6
Q

The German Commission E determined that ginkgo extracts were indicated for all of the following except _____________.

  1. ) cognitive deficits due to organic brain disease
  2. ) prevention of stroke
  3. ) intermittent claudication
  4. ) vertigo or tinnitus, if due to vascular or involutional etiology
A

2.) prevention of stroke

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7
Q

T/F: Only St. John’s wort extracts with moderate to high hyperforin content have been found effective in clinical trials

A

False

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8
Q

T/F: The placebo effect probaby accounts for at least 50% of the beneficial effects of St. John’s wort on depression

A

True

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9
Q

T/F: Lower cost and fewer adverse effects are two distinct advantages of either ginkgo or hypericum extracts over pharmaceutical medicines typically prescribed for dementia or depression, respectively.

A

True

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10
Q

T/F: Marked improvement in depressive symptoms can be expected to occur within one to two weeks of therapy with hypericum extracts.

A

False

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11
Q

St. John’s wort may interact significantly with which of the following types of drugs? (Choose the most complete answer)

  1. ) All of these
  2. ) Anticoagulants
  3. ) Protease and reverse transcriptase inhibitors
  4. ) Two of these
  5. ) Immunosuppressants
  6. ) Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
A

1.) All of these

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12
Q

Match the common name with the Latin binomial:

  1. ) Kava
  2. ) Hops
  3. ) Lemon balm

Choices:
A.) Humulus lupulus
B.) Piper methysticum
C.) Melissa officinalis

A
  1. ) Piper methysticum
  2. ) Humulus lupulus
  3. ) Melissa officinalis
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13
Q

Match the herb with the plant part(s) primarily used:

  1. ) Kava
  2. ) Valerian
  3. ) Lavender
  4. ) Hops
  5. ) Lemon balm
  6. ) Passion flower
Choices:
A.) strobiles (female flowers)
B.) rhizome
C.) aerial parts, including fruits
D.) flowers only, any gender
E.) leaf
F.) root
A
  1. ) rhizome
  2. ) root
  3. ) flowers only, any gender
  4. ) strobiles (female flowers)
  5. ) leaf
  6. ) aerial parts, including fruits
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14
Q

Match the herb with its active constituent(s) or the biochemical families the constituent(s) belong to:

  1. ) sesquiterpenes
  2. ) linalyl acetate and cineol
  3. ) pyrones
  4. ) humulone and lupulone
Choices:
A.) Lavender
B.) Hops
C.) Kava
D.) Valerian
A
  1. ) Valerian
  2. ) Lavender
  3. ) Kava
  4. ) Hops
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15
Q

Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy?

  1. ) Valerian
  2. ) Lavender
  3. ) Lemon balm
  4. ) Hops
  5. ) Passion flower
A

2.) Lavender

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16
Q

Which potential adverse reaction to kava has led to a product recall in Europe and a public warning issued by the US FDA?

  1. ) Teratogenicity
  2. ) Liver damage
  3. ) Carcinogenicity
  4. ) Kidney damage
A

2.) Liver damage

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17
Q

T/F: Aqueous and ethanol extracts of valerian root are equivalent in the quality of their actions.

A

False

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18
Q

Which subspecies of Valerian is recommended for use in valerian preparations?

  1. ) indica
  2. ) officinalis
  3. ) edulis
  4. ) japonica
A

2.) officinalis

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19
Q

Valerian products with a high content of which constituent should not be used due to potential toxicity?

  1. ) Valerenic acid
  2. ) Acetoxyvalerenic acid
  3. ) Valepotriates
A

3.) Valepotriates

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20
Q

Upon which neurotransmitter does Valerian appear to exert its pharmacological effects?

  1. ) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
  2. ) Acetylcholine
  3. ) Dopamine
  4. ) Norepinephrine
A

1.) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

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21
Q

T/F: At least one human study has demonstrated that valerian extract had no adverse effects on the reaction time, alertness, or concentration.

A

True

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22
Q

T/F: Patients with sleep disturbances can expect to achieve improvement after only a few days of valerian use.

A

False

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23
Q

According to our text, which two additional herbal calmatives have each been tested in combination with valerian in clinical studies?

  1. ) Kava and hops
  2. ) Lavender and lemon balm
  3. ) Passion flower and kava
  4. ) Lemon balm and kava
  5. ) Lavender and hops
  6. ) Lemon balm and hops
  7. ) Passion flower and lavender
A

6.) Lemon balm and hops

24
Q

Which of the following measures were affected in human studies of the effects of lavender? (Choose the most complete answer)

  1. ) Increased “happiness” based on autonomic nervous system responses
  2. ) Decline in EEG potentials that correlate with vigilance and alertness
  3. ) All of these
  4. ) Self-rated sedation
  5. ) Two of these
  6. ) More relaxed and less depressed self-rated mood
A

3.) All of these

25
Q

Match the reported side effect with the botanical agent:

  1. ) Dystonia
  2. ) Interaction with drugs used for Parkinson’s disease
  3. ) Headache, appetite changes, constipation
  4. ) Breast growth in young boys

Choices:
A.) Lavender (oral use)
B.) Lavender (topical use)
C.) Kava

A
  1. ) Kava C
  2. ) Kava C
  3. ) Lavender (oral use) A
  4. ) Lavender (topical use) B
26
Q

Match the common name with the Latin binomial:

  1. ) Foxglove
  2. ) Hawthorne
  3. ) Horse chestnut
  4. ) Guarana
Choices:
A.) Crataegus monogyna
B.) Digitalis purpurea
C.) Paullinia cupana
D.) Aesculus hippocastanum
A
  1. ) Digitalis purpurea B
  2. ) Crataegus monogyna A
  3. ) Aesculus hippocastanum D
  4. ) Paullinia cupana C
27
Q

Match the herb with the plant part(s) used:

  1. ) Hawthorne
  2. ) Rosemary
  3. ) Horse chestnut
  4. ) Butcher’s broom
Choices:
A.) leaves only
B.) leaves and flowers
C.) seed
D.) rhizome
A
  1. ) leaves and flowers
  2. ) leaves only
  3. ) seed
  4. ) rhizome
28
Q

Match the herb with its active constituent(s) or the biochemical families the constituent(s) belong to:

  1. ) Hawthorne
  2. ) Coffee and black tea
  3. ) Indian snakeroot
  4. ) Horse chestnut
Choices:
A.) reserpine
B.) flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins
C.) aescin
D.) methylxanthines
A
  1. ) flavonoids or oligomeric procyanidins
  2. ) methylxanthines
  3. ) reserpine
  4. ) aescin
29
Q

A combination of hawthorn extract and what essential oil was found effective for raising blood pressure in subjects with orthostatic hypotension?

  1. ) Camphor oil
  2. ) Peppermint oil
  3. ) Lavender oil
  4. ) Rosemary oil
A

1.) Camphor oil

30
Q

T/F: A single dose of hawthorn extract has discernible effects on subjective complaints related to cardiac insufficiency

A

False

31
Q

Which of the following are pharmacological effects of hawthorn extracts demonstrated in preclinical research in vitro or in animal models? (Choose the most complete answer)

  1. ) Cardioprotective effects during recovery from cardiac ischemia, indicated by reduced release of lactate dehydrogenase
  2. ) Increased amplitude of myocardial contractions
  3. ) All of these
  4. ) Increase in cardiac stroke volume
  5. ) Two of these
  6. ) Increase in coronary blood flow
A

3.) All of these

32
Q

How does hawthorn extract differ pharmacologically from cardiac glycosides such as digitalis?

  1. ) Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
  2. ) Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
  3. ) Hawthorne is negatively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic
  4. ) Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet proarrhythmic
A

1.) Hawthorne is positively inotropic yet antiarrhythmic

33
Q

Which medicinal herb has been studied primarily as aromatherapy for circulatory disorders?

  1. ) Indian snakeroot
  2. ) Rosemary
  3. ) Mate’
  4. ) Guarana
A

2.) Rosemary

34
Q

Which two botanicals owe their circulatory effects to the presence of caffeine and related substances?

  1. ) Mate’
  2. ) Guarana
  3. ) Rosemary
  4. ) Indian snakeroot
A
  1. ) Mate’

2. ) Guarana

35
Q

According to our text, which outcomes have been demonstrated in human studies of horse chestnut extract? (Choose the most complete answer)

  1. ) Significantly reduced symptomatic complaints in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
  2. ) Significantly reduced foot and ankle edema after a long distance airplane flight
  3. ) All of these
  4. ) Two of these
  5. ) Significantly reduced leg volume in patients with chronic venous insufficiency
  6. ) Equivalence between horse chestnut extract and compression stocking therapy for reducing edema in patients with chronic venous insuffici
A

3.) All of these

36
Q

Esculin is a toxin that must be processed out of ___________, and is one reason why the raw or unprocessed herb should not be used.

  1. ) Butcher’s broom
  2. ) Oleander
  3. ) Horse chestnut
  4. ) Hawthorne
A

3.) Horse chestnut

37
Q

Match the common name with the Latin binomial:

  1. ) Bitter orange
  2. ) Artichoke
  3. ) Turmeric
  4. ) Dandelion
  5. ) Wild candytuft
  6. ) Licorice
Choices:
A.) Taraxacum officinalis
B.) Citrus aurantium
C.) Glycyrrhiza glabra
D.) Cynarum scolymus
E.) Iberis amara
F.) Curcuma longa
A
  1. ) Citrus aurantium B
  2. ) Cynarum scolymus D
  3. ) Curcuma longa F
  4. ) Taraxacum officinalis A
  5. ) Iberis amara E
  6. ) Glycyrrhiza glabra C
38
Q

Match the herb with the plant part(s) used:

  1. ) Artichoke
  2. ) Ginger
  3. ) Caraway
  4. ) Chamomile
Choices:
A.) Fruit (seed)
B.) Rhizome only
C.) Leaves only
D.) Flowers
A
  1. ) Leaves only
  2. ) Rhizome only
  3. ) Fruit (seed)
  4. ) Flowers
39
Q

Match the herb with its active constituent(s) or the biochemical families the constituent(s) belong to:

  1. ) Peppermint
  2. ) Turmeric
  3. ) Artichoke
  4. ) Wormwood
Choices:
A.) Curcumin
B.) Menthol
C.) Sesquiterpene lactones
D.) Cynarin
A
  1. ) Menthol
  2. ) Curcumin
  3. ) Cynarin
  4. ) Sesquiterpene lactones
40
Q

Match the botanical term with the mechanism of action associated with it in the treatment of digestive tract dysfunction:

  1. ) Bitter
  2. ) Cholegogue
  3. ) Carminative

Choices:
A.) Relieve bloating and fullness by facilitating gas expulsion
B.) Stimulate gastric secretions
C.) Promote bile production and emptying of the gallbladder

A
  1. ) Stimulate gastric secretions
  2. ) Promote bile production and emptying of the gallbladder
  3. ) Relieve bloating and fullness by facilitating gas expulsion
41
Q

Match the herb with the digestive condition best proven to respond to its use:

  1. ) Artichoke
  2. ) Peppermint oil
  3. ) Licorice

Choices:
A.) Peptic ulcer
B.) Irritable bowel syndrome
C.) Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake

A
  1. ) Complaints in the upper abdomen aggravated by fat intake
  2. ) Irritable bowel syndrome
  3. ) Peptic ulcer
42
Q

Which alcoholic beverage uses wormwood as an ingredient?

  1. ) Absinthe
  2. ) Amaretto
  3. ) Kahlua
  4. ) Brandy
A

1.) Absinthe

43
Q

A combination of peppermint oil and which other essential oil has been shown effective for treating functional dyspepsia?

  1. ) Anise
  2. ) Wormwood
  3. ) Fennel
  4. ) Caraway
A

4.) Caraway

44
Q

According to our text, as treatment or prevention of nausea and vomiting, the effectiveness of ginger is least convincing when which of the following is the cause?

  1. ) Chemotherapy
  2. ) Sea sickness
  3. ) Morning sickness
  4. ) Postoperative
A

4.) Postoperative

45
Q

T/F: In the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, peppermint oil given in delayed-release (enteric-coated) formulations has more clinical evidence than conventional formulations, and may be less likely to cause side effects of nausea, heartburn, and abdominal discomfort.

A

True

46
Q

Which component of licorice has mineralocorticoid-like action, and is removed in some formulations to prevent side effects of blood pressure elevation and potassium loss?

  1. ) Paparavine
  2. ) Glycyrrhizin
  3. ) Liquiritin
  4. ) Absinthin
A

2.) Glycyrrhizin

47
Q

Which herb is recommended NOT to be used in large amounts during pregnancy, based on research suggesting increased risk of preterm labor?

  1. ) Chamomile
  2. ) Licorice
  3. ) Peppermint
  4. ) Ginger
A

2.) Licorice

48
Q

Match the common name with the Latin binomial:

  1. ) Black tea
  2. ) Bilberry
  3. ) Flax
  4. ) Psyllium
  5. ) Castor
  6. ) Milk thistle
Choices:
A.) Ricinus communis
B.) Camellia sinensis
C.) Silybum marianum
D.) Linum usitatissimum
E.) Vaccinium myrtillus
F.) Plantago species
A
  1. ) Camellia sinensis
  2. ) Vaccinium myrtillus
  3. ) Linum usitatissimum
  4. ) Plantago species
  5. ) Ricinus communis
  6. ) Silybum marianum
49
Q

Match the substances with their mechanism of action:

  1. ) Saccharomyces boulardii
  2. ) Psyllium husk
  3. ) Sorbitol
  4. ) Senna pods and leaves
  5. ) Buckthorn bark
  6. ) Aloe latex

Choices:
A.) Osmotic laxative
B.) Bulk-forming laxative
C.) Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
D.) Antagonize pathogens and stimulate enteric immune system

A
  1. ) Antagonize pathogens and stimulate enteric immune system
  2. ) Bulk-forming laxative
  3. ) Osmotic laxative
  4. ) Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
  5. ) Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
  6. ) Anthranoid stimulation of intestinal mucosa
50
Q

Tannin-containing herbs can play an important role in the control of which health condition?

  1. ) Alcoholic liver disease
  2. ) Hepatitis
  3. ) Constipation
  4. ) Acute diarrhea
A

4.) Acute diarrhea

51
Q

The ability of apples, bananas, and carrots to help control diarrhea can be attributed to which common constituent?

  1. ) Tannins
  2. ) Hemicelluloses
  3. ) Pectins
  4. ) Muciliages
A

3.) Pectins

52
Q

According to our text, Saccharomyces boulardii has been effective for controlling or preventing diarrhea resulting from all but one of the following causes. Which one?

  1. ) Infectious diarrhea
  2. ) Nutritionally-related (feeding by gavage)
  3. ) Travel-related diarrhea
  4. ) Antibiotic-associated diarrhea
A

1.) Infectious diarrhea

53
Q

T/F: Wheat bran having coarse particles will be less effective for shortening intestinal transit time than wheat bran having smaller particles.

A

False

54
Q

Which type of botanical remedy for constipation is most likely to produce adverse effects of loose stools and colicky abdominal pain.

  1. ) Bulk-forming agents
  2. ) Anthranoid-containing herbs
  3. ) Osmotic agents
A

2.) Anthranoid-containing herbs

55
Q

Which of the following is an FDA-approved non-prescription drug?

  1. ) Rhubarb
  2. ) Buckthorn
  3. ) Senna
  4. ) Cascara
A

3.) Senna

56
Q

Which TWO laxative herbs are no longer FDA-approved for use in over-the-counter medications due to lack of modern clinical and safety data?

  1. ) Cascara
  2. ) Rhubarb
  3. ) Aloe latex
  4. ) Senna
A
  1. ) Cascara

3. ) Aloe latex

57
Q

Which botanical laxative is contraindicated in cases of biliary obstruction and other biliary disorders?

  1. ) Aloe
  2. ) Buckthorn
  3. ) Castor oil
  4. ) Senna
A

3.) Castor oil

560 P BOTANICAL MEDICINE (2 decks)

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