Exam 2 Flashcards
Culture
Thoughts, communications, actions, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious, or social groups. 
Characteristics of culture(4)
Learned
shared
adapted
dynamic
Acculturation
Process of adapting to and acquiring another culture
Assimilation
Process of developing a new cultural identity and becoming like members of the dominant culture
Biculturalism
Dual pattern of identification and often of divided loyalty
Ying and yang
Naturalistic – forces of nature must be kept in balance also embraces idea of a posing categories or forces. Hot and cold
Magicoreligous
Supernatural powers predominate in area of health and illness
Examples- Voodoo, witchcraft, and faith healing
What are signs and symptoms of sinusitis? (5)
1– facial pain after us upper respiratory infection
2-Red, swollen nasal mucosa and turbinates
3- Purulent discharge – rhinorrhea
4- fevers, chills, malaise
5- Unilateral discharge paired with unilateral pain (bacterial)
Maxillary sinusitis
Doll throbbing pain over cheeks with maxillary tooth pain
Frontal sinusitis
Pain at the supraorbital ridge
Acute rhinitis
Clear watery discharge Rhinorrhea Sneezing Swollen Mucosa Dark red and swollen turbinates
Allergic rhinitis
Rhinorrhea Itching of nose and eyes Lacrimation Nasal congestion Sneezing Serous edema and swelling of turbinates Pale terminates, smooth surface
Oral candidiasis
White patches overlying red base
Tonsillitis
Infection of the tonsils
Severe throat pain Difficulty swallowing Fever Mouth breathing Difficulty with speech because of swelling and pain Swollen tonsils with exudate Lymphadenopathy
Pharyngitis
Bright red throat Exudates  Swollen uvula Lymphadenopathy Painful swallowing Fever and chills Malaise Set an onset in GABHS 
Strep pharyngitis
CENTOR
C- cough absent Exudative or swollen tonsils Nodes anterior cervical chain Temperature Often young Rarely old
Copd
Ap chest is greater than lateral diameter
PapilledemA (choked disc)
Indicating increased intercranial pressure
When You examine an optic disc with multiple retinal hemorrhages, redness, congestion, and a more circular appearance
What is ptosis and what is it common in?
Ptosis is a drooping eyelid and it is common in myasthenia gravis due to neuromuscular weakness.
Can also result in cranial nerve three damage or be congenital
Mydriasis
Enlarged fixed pupils
Associated with acute glaucoma
Miosis
Constricted fixed pupils.
Also associated with narcotics
Anisocoria
Unequal pupil size
Ectropion
 It is when the lower lid is loose and rolls out, a lot of older people have it and it makes her eyes very itchy
Endotropy
When the lower lid rolls in putting their eyelashes to the conjunctivae and they always feel like there’s something in there Eye 
Describe the function of cranial nerveVI in relation to the eye 
Abducens which innervates lateral rectus muscle- EYE ABDUCTION (straight temporal)
Describe the function of cranial nerve IV In relation to the eye
Trochlear Which innervates the superior oblique muscle. If the eye cannot look down and towards the nose it indicates a dysfunction of this cranel nerve
Describe the function of cranial nerve three in relation to the eye
Occulomotor so primary movement of the eyeballs – if they cannot move the eye straight nasal,
Up/nasal
Up/temporal
Down/temporal
It indicates dysfuction of this cranial nerve
IT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT FOR EYE MOTOR ABILITY 
Describe how to interpret vision on a Snellen chart
The top number is the distance the person is standing at to be able to read, bottom is the number an average person would have been able to read the line at.
I.e.- 20/30= you can read at 20 feet what the normal eye can read from 30 feet away 
Describe an effective otoscopic exam
Dark in the room, have them stare at a distant fixed object, turn on max brightness and look for red reflux, once you can see the ocular fundus turn the diopters to zero and look closely. I use a 15° lateral view into the retina to see a vessel. Map along the vessel to find the optic desk.
Sympathetic stimulation of the pupil
Stimulation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system dilates the pupil and elevates the eyelids
Parasympathetic stimulation of the pupil
Parasympathetic nervous system stimulation causes the pupil to constrict 
What is the expectation in a normal person for the pupillary light reflex? 
The pupil other than the one getting the light shined will also constrict simultaneously
Heightened peripheral vasoconstriction effects on Eye And likely condition to develop?
Increased pressure overall and increased risk for glaucoma
What is glaucoma and differentiate open angle from closed angle or acute. How does glaucoma look? What might a person see?
Glaucoma is a condition of increased pressure within the eyeball resulting in gradual loss of site. It presents with peripheral vision loss and vision blurry. Open angle glaucoma is more gradual pressure buildup because there’s just less room for fluid to drain. Closed/acute angle is sudden and almost entirely obstructed. Acute angle will have a pupillary dilated weirdly with Circumcorneal redness around the iris. The persons vision will get cloudy with pain in the halos around lights. Acute angle is emergent
What is a cataract? How might it present?
Cataract is a condition where the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque resulting in blurred vision. It is a gradual, painless, lowers a visual Acuity- makes blurriness and halos. You lose the red reflux upon a opthalmascopic exam.
The nurse is assessing a patient’s Eye for the accommodation response and would expect to see which normal finding?
The accommodation reaction includes pupillary constriction and convergence of the axis of the eyes
What is macular degeneration?
Age related condition resulting in loss of central vision
Allergic conjunctivitis
Itchy, watery and clear discharge, nonpalpable preauricle nodes and associated with history of allergies
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Burning or gritty, viscous discharge, usually non-palpable preauricle LN and may have URI symptoms.
Viral conjunctivitis
Foreign body/gritty, Mucoid discharge, and palpable preauricle LN, also can have URI symptoms.
Emphysema
Barrell chest
Chronically overinflated
What happens to a pregnant woman in relation to her lungs?
The enlarging uterus elevates diaphragm 4 cm during pregnancy. It moves with breathing even more during pregnancy, which result in an increase in tidal volume
If the transverse diameter of the posterior chest in the apical diameter of the chest is equal, what does that indicate?
Barrell chest
AP diameter less than transverse diameter. True or false?
TRUE
What do you percuss over the lungs?
Resonance
What do you percuss over the bone?
A dull sound
Resonance
Low pitch, clear, hollow sound that predominates in healthy lung tissue in adults
If the number 99 is clear when auscultating, what can a person have?
Pneumonia
The number 99 should always be muffled when listening? True or false
True
Broncophony
Ask a person to repeat 99. Normal voice transition is soft, muffled, and indistinct
Egophony
Auscultate chest while the person phonates long “eee”. Normally you shiuld hear “eee”. If yiu hear “a” its consolidated
Whispered pectoriloquy
Ask a person to whisper 1-2-3 as you auscultate. Normal reaponse is faint, muffled, almost inaudible
Six minute distant walk
Safer, simple, inexpensive, clinical measure of functional status in aging adults
Black xray
Empheysema
Biots respirations
Rapid and shallow breathing
Meningitis
Increase tactile fremitus
Occurs with conditions that increase the density of long tissues also known as consolidation =pneumonia
Decrease tactile fremitus
Occurs when anything obstructs transmission of vibrations obstructed bronchus, plural effusion or thickening, Emphysema
Pleural friction fremitus
Produced when inflammation of the pariatal or visceral plural causes a decrease in the normal lubrication field
How many teeth do we have
32
Malocclusion
Is tooth loss occurs, remaining teeth drift
Leukoedema
A benign lesion occurring on Buccal mucosa is seen more often in African-Americans
Cranial nerve 10
The vagas nerve
Uvula-
Ask a person to say ahhhh I know soft palate and uvula rise in midline
+1 tonsil grade
Visible
+2 tonsil grade
Halfway between tonsillar pillars and uvula
+3 tonsil grade
Touching uvula
+4 tonsil grade
Tonsils are touching each other
How to test cranial nerveXII When assessing the throat?
Hypoglossal nerve
Ask a person to stick out the tongue, should protrude in midline, note any tremor, loss of movement, or deviation to side
Black hairy tongue
Could be from fungal, Pepto-Bismolor antibiotics
Why would you see in a basal skull fracture?
Cerebral spinal fluid out of ears and bruising on eyes and ears
Peri orbital edema
Lead swollen and puffy, associated with hypothyroidism
Exophthalmos
Eyeballs with widened palpable fissures, associated with both thyroid disorders but mainly hyper thyroidism
Enophtalmos
Sunken eyes
Blepharitis
Eyelid inflammation- Foreign body sensation
Chalazion
Beady Nodule protruding on eyelid very similar to a sty but not as purulent looking
Hordeolum
STYE Associated with staff infection of the hair follicles at the lid margin
Dacryocyctis
Lacramal sack inflammation, often associated with serious infectious disease
Basil cell carcinoma of eye or eyelid
Presents with small painless nodule with central ulceration with pearl edges
Iritis
Circumcorneal redness; Very dull red deep halo in contrast to conjunctivitis more proximal to iris
Sub conjunctival hemorrhage
Rupture of capillaries, no big deal, just scary looking. Seen in pregnant women
Pterygium
Triangular opague wing of bulbar conjunctiva overgrowing towards cornea
Hyphema
Blood in anterior chamber
Hypopyon
Puss in anterior chamber 
Rust colored sputum is seen in what?
Tuberculosis
