Exam 2

Question 1

5. Describe five different herbicides commonly used in rangelands. Include chemical name, trade name, mode of action, and example use.

Answer 1

a. Tebuthiuron (spike) – Used for woody plant control. Selective, soil active. Taken up through the roots (not as useful in heavy soil textures)
b. Dicamba (Banvel) – Used to control difficult plants (Canada thistle, leafy spurge). Selective, translocated, foliage or soil. Often mixed w/ 2-4, D
c. 2,4-D (Several trade names) – broadleaf weed killer. Used in lawns when you don’t want to kill the grass. Selective, translocated in foliage
d. Glyphosate (Round up) – Nonselective. Use: total plant control, often applied with 2,4-D. Kills brush and weed species

g. imazipic (Plateau) – absorbed through leaves and stems and translocated in foliage. Pre-emergent that goes in the soil and damages seeds. Can add a surfactant to use as a post-emergent.

Question 2

1. List and describe the 5 steps to implementing EBIPM

Answer 2

Step 1: complete rangeland health assessment
Step 2: identify causes of invasion and associated processes not functioning
Step 3: Use principles to guide decision making
Step 4: Choose appropriate tools and strategies based on principles
Step 5: Design and execute a plan using adaptive management

Question 3

3. Name two strategies to improve the performance of pre-emergent herbicide on annuals?

Answer 3

• apply pre-emergent herbicide before the annual has germinated (early fall)
• glyphosate may be used with the pre-emergent herbicide to control emerged weeds

Question 4

5. In Utah what are Class 1A, Class 1B, Class II, Class III, and Class IV weeds?

Answer 4

1A – plants not known to be in Utah, but thought to be in neighboring states
1B – plants that occur in Utah at very low levels. High priority to eradicate.
II – reasonable distribution in Utah, but do not occur everywhere. High priority for control
III – Widely distributed in Utah. Current populations should be contained to halt their spread
IV – Plants present in Utah, appear to be arriving in nursery stock/seed, and are being sold as ornamentals

Question 5

2. What is the definition of a weed?

Answer 5

Plants that interfere with the growth of desirable plants and that are unusually persistent and pernicious. They negatively impact human activities and as such are undesirable.

Question 6

1. Name eight reasons why weeds are so successful in western North America.

Answer 6

1. similar climate of origin
2. lack of natural enemies
3. prolific reproductive capacity
   a. seed production
   b. vegetative reproduction
4. seed dispersal
   a. wind, water, animal, human
5. fast, early growth, competitive
6. allelopathy – dyer’s woad
7. Polymorphic seeds – Halogeton
   a. Halogeton produces both dormant and non-dormant seed
8. mucilaginous seed coats
   a. like chia seeds

Question 7

3. Describe the recommendations for post-burn rest and deferment?

Answer 7

a. nonuse after a fire depends on vegetation composition and intensity of fire, and objectives of burn (did you seed after?)
b. suggested not to graze for two growing seasons

Question 8

1. In Utah, when can you conduct a prescribed fire, and is it always within this period?

Answer 8

a. November 1 – July 31st

b. No, it is not always within this period, they can always change the no-burn window

Question 9

Name 6 PPE that may need to be worn when applying herbicides?

Answer 9

gloves
eye protection
long sleeve shirt
pants
sturdy shoes / boots
hat