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PHM 651/652: Professional Practice > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

when doing calculations for liquid dosage forms, do you have to calculate the amount to qs with?

A

no just qs the final volume

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2
Q

when is equivalence used

A

applicable to hydro-ionizable compounds upon dissolution ( molecules that dissassociate in solution) ex. NaCl

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3
Q

does equivalence apply to non ionizable compounds?

A

no

examples: sucrose, dextrose

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4
Q

what is valence

A

the number of bonds formed by an atom in a covalent compound

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5
Q

how much is a mole?

hint: Avogadros number

A

6.022 x 10^23

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6
Q

how to deriv equivalence

A

take the molecular weight of the compound
(g/mol) and divide it by the valence (Eq/mol).
(g/mol)/(eq/mol)= g/Eq or mg/ mEq

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7
Q

what is mg %

how to convert from ratio strength to mg%

A 
mg % per 100 mL of solution
ex of how to convert from ratio strength to mg% 
1:20,000= 1000 mg/ 20,000 mL
1000 mg/20,000 mL=xmg/ 100 mL
x=(100x1000)/20,000
x=5 mg%
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8
Q

ratio strength

ex of how to convert from mg% to ratio strength

A

1 g :mL

5mg%

5 mg/100mL= 1000/ x mL
x= (100x1000)/5=20,000 mL
ratio strenth= 1:20,000

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9
Q

how to measure amounts that are below minimum weighable quantity ( MWQ) (aka serial dilution)

A

create a solution and perform dilutions in order to get the amount of drug needed.

for example. (kind of ) need to make multiple dilutions. for ex.
1. make a concentrated solution.
take a small portion of that and calculate how much solute is in it.
3.qs that to a new volume in order to create a more diluted solution. repeat until u can determine how much solution you need for desired mass of solute.

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10
Q

which products must always be refined

A

salicylic acid, suffer ppt, calamine, and zinc oxide

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11
Q

what is a suspension

A

liquid preparation that consist of solid particles dispersed through a liquid phase in which the particles are NOT soluble

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12
Q

what dosage form are suspensions NOT useful as

A

IV because they can cause an embolism

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13
Q

what’s dosage forms are suspensions useful as

A

oral
topical
opthalmic
IM

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14
Q

TYPES of liquid dosage forms

A

solutions, suspensions, emulsions

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15
Q

what are the purpose of suspensions

A

to provide a liquid form for H2O insoluble drugs

and provides an alternative to EtOH based solutions

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16
Q

why are oral suspensions usually formed in an aqueous base

A

because physiology is water based and water is inexpensive and ubiquitous

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17
Q

what kind of liquid dosage forms are oil soluble drugs made into sometimes

A

emulsions

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18
Q

can suspensions have soluble components

A

yes. however if all of the components dissolve, it is not a suspension, it is a solution

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19
Q

advantages of tablets/ capsules as drug source for suspensions

A

rapid decomposition

particle size already appropriate

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20
Q

disadvantages of tablets/ capsules as a drug source for suspensions

A

drug can be soluble in solvent, and could have been made into a solution if it were not for the excipients

tabs/capsules used in suspensions are generally more expensive

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21
Q

which part of a suspension is subject to (increased degredation)

A

only the portion in the solution

22
Q

are drugs more stable in a suspension form or solution form? why?

A

drugs are more stable in suspension form because in solution form, drugs in solutions are subject to increased degredation

23
Q

advantages of suspensions over sol.

A
  1. drugs are more stable
  2. much higher drug concentrations can be achieved
  3. alcohol can be avoided in many cases
24
Q

disadvantages of suspensions over sol.

A

suspending agents are usually required
compounding procedures is more complicated
cant qs in graduate cylinder (due to settling of particles on the bottom)
must be shaken prior to administration

25
Q

where do you qs a suspension

A

pre calibrated dispensing container

26
Q

how do you qs a suspension

A

fill a graduated cylinder to a level corresponding to the final product volume

transfer graduates contents to the dispensing container

with dispensing container on smooth level surface, use grease pencil to mark the fluid level

empty /drain the dispensing container

27
Q

what is levigation

A

wetting of insoluble powder agent in a minimal amount of qs media or levigating agent forming a smooth homogenous paste

28
Q

what tools do you use to levigate

A

mortar and pestle

ointment slab and spatula

29
Q

what is the purpose of suspending agents?

A

increase the products viscosity

and decrease particle settling rate

30
Q

are suspending agents soluble in the qs media

A

may or may not be soluble in the qs media

31
Q

difference between ratio strength and parts notation

A

ex: notation 3:4

ratio strength means 3 g of ingredient per 4 total grams of product. total 4 g of product

parts notations means 3 parts ingredient PLUS 4 parts of ingredient

32
Q

ratio strength notation

A

X:Y

33
Q

Tools used to achieve appropriate particle size for proper absorption for suspensions

A

sieves
micron gauge
feel

34
Q

what determines sedimentation rate of particles

A

varies directly with particle size and particle density, but varies indirectly with suspension viscosity

35
Q

sedimentation time

A

varies indirectly with particle size and density, varies directly with suspension viscosity

36
Q

what is caking

A

tight aggregates particles interact with echother and makes it difficult or not possible to resuspend

37
Q

what is important thing to remember before using suspension

A

SHAKE WELL

38
Q

flucculation

A

formation of a loose aggregation of discrete particles held together
how to remember amy (they are flocked together??)

39
Q

deflocculated suspension pro and con

A

pro: long sedimentation time
con: dense; difficult cake formed

40
Q

flocculated suspension pro and con

A

pro: redisperses easily
con: short sedimentation time

41
Q

physician order terminology for community pharmacy and institutional pharmacy

A

community: fill prescriptions

institutional pharmacy: execute medication orders

42
Q

10% rule for parenteral products

A

if a volume to be added to an IV basis greater than 10% of the bas rated capacity, a volume equivalent to the add must be removed from the bag prior to the addition. if it is less than 10%, withdrawal prior to addition is not necessary

43
Q

what technique should be used for parenteral compounding

A

aseptic technique

44
Q

before beginning parenteral compounding, make sure to wat

A

take off jewelry, wash hands, and clean hood

45
Q

after adding components to IV bag, make sure to what…

A

gently shake IV bag to check fo rparticulates and leakes

46
Q

what is a tamper seal

A

added to IV bags additive port

47
Q

when determining CrcL for peds, do we se the cockgraft- gault eq?

A

NO. that eq is for adults

48
Q

how to do a serial dilutoin

A
  1. see that required KMNO4 id below minimal weighable quantity
  2. (confines must weight btw 200 +300 mg, must measure btw 5 and 100 mL)
  3. pick a # btw 100 and 300. lets say an ex. 225
  4. Part 1.
    a.initial dissolution. weigh tout 225 mg of kmno4
    place in beaker
    b. dissolve in min amount of water
    c. quantitatively transfer to a 50 mL GC w. purified water.
    d. qs to 50 mL.
    conc: 225 mg/50 mL
  5. part 2: first dilution
    a. measure 5 mL of initial dissolution, place in a clean 100 mL graduate. 225 mg/50mL=x/5 mL? ;X=22.5 mg
  6. qs to 100 ml with purified water. mix by pouring
    conc: 22.5/100mL
  7. 2nd dilution.
    22.5mg/100 mL=4.5 mg/X, X=20mL
    a. measure 20 mL of the first dilution, place in clean 100 ml GC
    b. qs graduate to 90 mL with purified water. mix by pouring
    conc: 4.5 mg/90 mL= x/100 mL. x=5 g
    5 mg /90 mL= x/100 mL; x=5%= 1:20,000
49
Q

particle size for fine suspensions and emulsions

A

0.5-10 microns

50
Q

particle size for ordinary suspensions and emulsions

A

10-50 microns

51
Q

in suspension prescriptions, if an ingredient says it is to be qs, and it is not the qs media, what do u use it for

A

use a minimal amount levigate with it.

52
Q

in solution prescriptions, if an ingredient says it is to be qs, and it is not the qs media, what do u use it for

A

dissolve the above ingredient in just enough solvent. figure out how much solvent by using the solubility. then add +10% so it could be dissolved.

PHM 651/652: Professional Practice (6 decks)

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