Exam 2 Flashcards
stabilizing movement
postural movement, any action that gains or holds stability in the force of gravity or self-generated forces
locomotor moovement
used to change one’s location in space
manipulative movement
movement that affects the environment with ones body (EX: throwing)
what are reflexive movements
movements that have a high probability of occurring following a stimulus
what are spontaneous movments
movements that have no purpose or stimulus (EX: shaking a rattle)
primitive reflexes
present at birth but are replaced with voluntary movements at about one year
palmar grasp
- birth-4 months
- stimulus: light pressure in palm
- response: grasping of the object in palm
search reflex
- birth-3months
- stimulus: activation of cutaneous receptors in checks (rubbing or pressure)
- response: turn head towards stimulus
suck reflex
- birth-3 months
- stimulus: stimulation of mucosa of lips
- response: create seal and increase volume by dropping tongue and jaw
plantar grasp reflex
- early on-1 year
- stimulus: light pressure on sole of foot
- response: activation of flexer muscles and infant flexes toes
Babinski reflex
- birth-4 months
- stimulus: intense pressure on sole of foot
- response: activation of extensor muscles and toes extend
Moro reflex
- birth-4 months
- stimulus: lowering head while lying horizontally
- response: extension of arms followed by flexion
Asymmetric tonic neck reflex
- birth-2 months
- stimulus: turning head to one side
- response: arm with side of nose will extend and other arm will flex
startle reflex
- picks up at 6 months
- stimulus: loud noise or quick movement
- response: extension of arms followed bu flexion
symmetric tonic neck reflex
- birth-3 months
- stimulus: extension of head and neck while body is supported
- response: extension of arms and bending of knee
palmar mandlublar reflex
- stimulus: pressure simultaneous on both palms
- response: opening of mouth, closing of eyes, and neck flexes
palmar mental reflex
- stimulus: pressure on lower palms
- response: opening and closing of jaw
retained primitive reflexws
when primitive reflexes stay prior to one year and is an indicator of developmental disorder
postural/locotmotor reflexes
generally not present at birth
crawling reflex
- birth-3/4 months
- stimulus: firm pressure on sole of foot while in prone position
- response: push against stimulus
swim reflex
- 2 weeks-5 months
- stimulus: hold baby horizontally or place in water
- response: swimming like motions
stepping reflex
- 1 month-5/6 months
- stimulus: hold infant upright with feet touching surface
- response: push off surface
pull-up reflex
- 2 months-1 year
- stimulus: infant lying supine and grab infant hands and pull up
- response: pull back and flex arms
labryinthine reflex
- 2 months-12 months
- stimulus: tilting of body
- response: infant will try and keep head aligned vertically
head righting reflex
- 1-6 months
- stimulus: infant on back and turned either left or right
- response: try and keep head up right
parachutting down reflex
- 4 months-life
- stimulus: dip infant down in prone position
- response: put arms out as if breaking a fall
rhythmic stereotypies
- movements that are simple and repeated 3x lasting 1 second or less
- low frequency at birth and disappear at 2 years
milestones of postural control
- ) head control while moving
- ) sits without support (support of soft tissue)
- ) sits alone with good coordination
- ) gets to sitting
- ) pulls to stand
- ) stands alone
how does postural development occur
- ) cepholocaudal progression
- ) transition from flexor dominated action to extensor dominated action
- ) wiring of NS to control sway
what do vision and vestibular sensors detect?
sense movement around the head
what does the somatosensory sensors detect?
allow sensory inout about more than head
development of head control
- starts as visually dominant
- 6 months sloppy sitting occurs and sway control appears and start using some somatosensors from neck
development of independent sitting
- 6-7 months the NS has learned how to interpret sway and respond
- begins as visually dominant and gradually gives way to somatosensory information from hips
moving room experiment with sitting
when the room is move towards the sitting infant they will repeatedly fall back
conclusion of the sitting moving room expirement
child needs 3 months of independent sitting experience for the NS to learn to trust the sensory information from the body and to not only rely on vision
development of independent stance
- 9 months: somatosensory information to muscle starts to control stance
- muscle is there, but the NS hasn’t learned how to appropriately respond to sway
standing moving room experiment conclusion
once a new milestone is reached the NS reverts back to using visual senses
when is ankle strategy used
- ) when perpetration is slow and small in amplitude
2. ) when surface is firm and longer than foot
what muscles are used in forward sway in the ankle strategy?
1.) gastronemous
2.) hamstrings
3.) paraspinal
(inferior to superior)
what muscles are used in backward sway of ankle strategy?
1.) tib
2.) quads
3.) abdominals
(inferior to superior)
how does the head move in ankle strategy
the head follows the movement of hips
when is the hip strategy used?
- ) when perturbation if fast and big in amplitude
2. ) when surface is unstable and small
what muscles are used in forward sway of hip strategy?
- ) abdominals
2. ) quads
what muscles are used in backward sway of hip strategy?
- ) paraspinals
2. ) hamstrings
how does the head move in hip strategy?
head moves opposite of hips
how long can it take for balance to be fully developed?
7-11 years
milestones of locomotion
- ) rolling: 4-10 months
- ) pre-walking: lots of variation
- ) walking alone: 9-17/18 months
characteristics of early walking
- ) short strides
- ) wide step width
- ) feet angled outwards
- ) flat footed pressure
what happens at 18 months of walking
toes no longer angle out
what happens at 2 years of walking
rocker foot action for weight transfer
what happens at 4 years of walking
adult-style walking including an arm swing
characteristics of adult walking
- ) long strides
- ) heal landing and toes push off
- ) hips remain steady
- ) arm swing
at what age is reach and grasp performed separately?
4-5 months
accuracy of reaching
- 7 months infant uses feed forward control strategy
- 7 years: visual information combined with feed forward strategy
- 9 years: combines feed forward and feedback strategies
grasp location
initially infant grasp w palmar and ulnar but progress to the distal and radial location as thumb opposition develops
aperature
how much you open your hand to grasp something
aperature control
- 9 months: rudimentary control
- 7 years: aperature set with visual cues
- 12 years: aperature control used even if object can’t be seen
fundamental movements
skills that are developed
fundamental movements vs rudimentary movements
fundamental movements have greater variability in development and there is no guarantee of reaching the mature state like with rudimentary movements
why do fundamental movements how limited speed, range of potion, and joint movement early in development
child wants to maintain stability so they limit their range of motion and speed
initial stage of running
- motion restricted
- short stride
- not much arm swing
elementary stage of running
- wider stride
- alternate arm swing
mature stage of running
- vigorous arm swing
- body over hips
- wide and long strides
initial stage of jumping
- arm swing is limited
- feet slightly separated
- body weight falls backwards upon landing
elementary stage of jumping
-arms initate jump
mature stage of jumping
- huge arm swing
- large leap
- body weight continues to propel forward upon landing
initial stage of throwing
- small movement of elbow only
- no step
- follow through is down
elementary stage of throwing
- shoulder joint engaged with elbow
- step occurs with the leg on the same side as the throwing arm
mature stage of throwing
- step occurs on opposite leg of throwing arm
- large trunk rotation and shoulder movement
- follow through continues with throw
when does somatic maturation occur in males and females
males occur 2 years after females
what age is PHV met?
- females: 11.4
- males: 13.4
what age is the onset of growth spurt occur?
- females: 8-9
- males: 10.3
what order does pubertal growth spurt occur?
“first we grow up, then we will in”
how does the body cool itself?
- ) vasodilation to bring warm blood to surface and release heat into environment
- ) sweating
how does the body warm itself?
- ) vasoconstriction to keep warm blood deep
2. ) shivering to increase metabolic rate
increase of sweat throughout life
sweat steadily increase through childhood, adolescene, and adulthood
sweat glands
people have more efficent sweat glands when they are younger, why they don’t sweat as much
acclimatization
gradual physiological and perceptual changes that occur when heat and exercise exposure are performed in natural heat
acclimation
gradual physiological and perceptual changes that occur when heat and exercise exposure are performed in artificial heat
children and hot environments
children in hot environments can sweat more efficiently than children in colder environments
acclimatization in men and boys
8-10 year old boys acclimitize slower than men (need more exposure for body to increase sweat rate)
rating of perceived exertion
men have a higher RPE than boys
rate of cooling and children
children are less able to thermoregulate in cold weather, so they get colder faster
what areas of phenotypic expression have a genetic component?
- ) stature
- ) weight
- ) somatic, sexual, and skeletal maturation
- ) aerobic trainability (possibly)
- ) anaerobic performance (possibly)
autocrine
cell targeting it self
intracrine
cell release hormone and receptor is inside same cell
paracrine
hormone secreted to target nearby cells
endocrine
hormone secreted into circulation to distant target cell
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
hypothalamus releases hormones which stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release hormones which affect other cells
tropic hormones
regulate hormone secretion by other endocrine glands (hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland)
Growth Hormone effects
- influences the release of IGF-1
- influences protein, carb, and lipid metabolism
Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
- released by liver in response to GH
- stimulates protein synthesis and mitosis
what effect does IGF-1 have on body
- drive chondrocytes in growth plates for linear bone growth
- intensifies in adolescence
thyroxine
- secreted by liver in response to TSH
- needed for normal growth because without it Gh and IGF-1 can’t work proper
adrenal androgens
generally help promote masculine characteristics
what is the main source of testosterin in females
adrenal androgen
what is the main source of testosterone in males
testes
function of estrogen
- drive growth of sex organs and fat deposition
- speed up closure of growth plates
androgens in males (testosterone)
-stimulate puberty (lower voice, adams apple, pubic hair, etc.)
how are androgens correlated to linear bone growth
- testosterone triggers production of GH and IGF-1
- accelerates long bone growth
insulin
secreted by liver when blood sugar levels are too low
when does growth hormone increase in blood in males
increase in GH up until 13 then decreases
when does GH increase in blood in females
increase in GH up until 11
gonadotropins
hormones that regulate secretion of hormones from ovaries and testes
function of FSH
structure
function of LH
hormones
FSH in females
stimulates growth if ovarian follice
LH in females
promotes maturation of follicles, ovulation, development of corpus luteum, and further production of estrogen
FSH in males
promotes development of seminiferous tubules and production of sperm
LH in males
stimulates Leydig cells in testes to produce testosterone
levels of FSH in males and females
- steady climb and increase in FSH levels
- females take off in FSH levels first
LH levels in males and females
- prepuberty levels low
- around stage 1 increase
- males take off earlier in LH compared to FSH
how does leptin contribute to onset of puberty
- leptin correlates with subcutaneous fat levels
- higher levels of leptin speed up entry of puberty (tells body there is enough adipose tissue to support baby)
levels of leptin in females
-steadily rise until 16 then plateau
levels of leptin in males
- U-shaped
- rise in leptin until age 12 then a fall
negative feedback loop
if levels of hormone are high in blood stream, then the tropic hormone will be increased, if levels are low in blood stream then tropic hormone will be decreased
positive feeback loop
good for rapidly increasing levels of hormones
negative feedback loop in gonad hormones
negative feedback loop because we don’t want a lot of estrogen of testosterone in infancy and childhood
positive feedback loop sin gonad hormones
positive feedback loop because we want high levels of FSH and LH to promote puberty
calcitonin
- decreases calcium levels in blood
- secreted by thyroid
- activates osteoblast to deposit calcium in bone and increase level of calcium urinated out
PTH
- secreted by parathyoid
- increase calcium levels in blood
- stimulates osteoclast, decreases activity of osteoblast, and decrease amount of calcium urinated out
