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Human Growth and Motor Development > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

stabilizing movement

A

postural movement, any action that gains or holds stability in the force of gravity or self-generated forces

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2
Q

locomotor moovement

A

used to change one’s location in space

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3
Q

manipulative movement

A

movement that affects the environment with ones body (EX: throwing)

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4
Q

what are reflexive movements

A

movements that have a high probability of occurring following a stimulus

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5
Q

what are spontaneous movments

A

movements that have no purpose or stimulus (EX: shaking a rattle)

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6
Q

primitive reflexes

A

present at birth but are replaced with voluntary movements at about one year

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7
Q

palmar grasp

A
  • birth-4 months
  • stimulus: light pressure in palm
  • response: grasping of the object in palm
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8
Q

search reflex

A
  • birth-3months
  • stimulus: activation of cutaneous receptors in checks (rubbing or pressure)
  • response: turn head towards stimulus
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9
Q

suck reflex

A
  • birth-3 months
  • stimulus: stimulation of mucosa of lips
  • response: create seal and increase volume by dropping tongue and jaw
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10
Q

plantar grasp reflex

A
  • early on-1 year
  • stimulus: light pressure on sole of foot
  • response: activation of flexer muscles and infant flexes toes
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11
Q

Babinski reflex

A
  • birth-4 months
  • stimulus: intense pressure on sole of foot
  • response: activation of extensor muscles and toes extend
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12
Q

Moro reflex

A
  • birth-4 months
  • stimulus: lowering head while lying horizontally
  • response: extension of arms followed by flexion
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13
Q

Asymmetric tonic neck reflex

A
  • birth-2 months
  • stimulus: turning head to one side
  • response: arm with side of nose will extend and other arm will flex
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14
Q

startle reflex

A
  • picks up at 6 months
  • stimulus: loud noise or quick movement
  • response: extension of arms followed bu flexion
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15
Q

symmetric tonic neck reflex

A
  • birth-3 months
  • stimulus: extension of head and neck while body is supported
  • response: extension of arms and bending of knee
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16
Q

palmar mandlublar reflex

A
  • stimulus: pressure simultaneous on both palms

- response: opening of mouth, closing of eyes, and neck flexes

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17
Q

palmar mental reflex

A
  • stimulus: pressure on lower palms

- response: opening and closing of jaw

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18
Q

retained primitive reflexws

A

when primitive reflexes stay prior to one year and is an indicator of developmental disorder

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19
Q

postural/locotmotor reflexes

A

generally not present at birth

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20
Q

crawling reflex

A
  • birth-3/4 months
  • stimulus: firm pressure on sole of foot while in prone position
  • response: push against stimulus
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21
Q

swim reflex

A
  • 2 weeks-5 months
  • stimulus: hold baby horizontally or place in water
  • response: swimming like motions
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22
Q

stepping reflex

A
  • 1 month-5/6 months
  • stimulus: hold infant upright with feet touching surface
  • response: push off surface
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23
Q

pull-up reflex

A
  • 2 months-1 year
  • stimulus: infant lying supine and grab infant hands and pull up
  • response: pull back and flex arms
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24
Q

labryinthine reflex

A
  • 2 months-12 months
  • stimulus: tilting of body
  • response: infant will try and keep head aligned vertically
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25
Q

head righting reflex

A
  • 1-6 months
  • stimulus: infant on back and turned either left or right
  • response: try and keep head up right
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26
Q

parachutting down reflex

A
  • 4 months-life
  • stimulus: dip infant down in prone position
  • response: put arms out as if breaking a fall
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27
Q

rhythmic stereotypies

A
  • movements that are simple and repeated 3x lasting 1 second or less
  • low frequency at birth and disappear at 2 years
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28
Q

milestones of postural control

A
  1. ) head control while moving
  2. ) sits without support (support of soft tissue)
  3. ) sits alone with good coordination
  4. ) gets to sitting
  5. ) pulls to stand
  6. ) stands alone
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29
Q

how does postural development occur

A
  1. ) cepholocaudal progression
  2. ) transition from flexor dominated action to extensor dominated action
  3. ) wiring of NS to control sway
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30
Q

what do vision and vestibular sensors detect?

A

sense movement around the head

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31
Q

what does the somatosensory sensors detect?

A

allow sensory inout about more than head

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32
Q

development of head control

A
  • starts as visually dominant

- 6 months sloppy sitting occurs and sway control appears and start using some somatosensors from neck

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33
Q

development of independent sitting

A
  • 6-7 months the NS has learned how to interpret sway and respond
  • begins as visually dominant and gradually gives way to somatosensory information from hips
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34
Q

moving room experiment with sitting

A

when the room is move towards the sitting infant they will repeatedly fall back

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35
Q

conclusion of the sitting moving room expirement

A

child needs 3 months of independent sitting experience for the NS to learn to trust the sensory information from the body and to not only rely on vision

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36
Q

development of independent stance

A
  • 9 months: somatosensory information to muscle starts to control stance
  • muscle is there, but the NS hasn’t learned how to appropriately respond to sway
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37
Q

standing moving room experiment conclusion

A

once a new milestone is reached the NS reverts back to using visual senses

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38
Q

when is ankle strategy used

A
  1. ) when perpetration is slow and small in amplitude

2. ) when surface is firm and longer than foot

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39
Q

what muscles are used in forward sway in the ankle strategy?

A

1.) gastronemous
2.) hamstrings
3.) paraspinal
(inferior to superior)

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40
Q

what muscles are used in backward sway of ankle strategy?

A

1.) tib
2.) quads
3.) abdominals
(inferior to superior)

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41
Q

how does the head move in ankle strategy

A

the head follows the movement of hips

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42
Q

when is the hip strategy used?

A
  1. ) when perturbation if fast and big in amplitude

2. ) when surface is unstable and small

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43
Q

what muscles are used in forward sway of hip strategy?

A
  1. ) abdominals

2. ) quads

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44
Q

what muscles are used in backward sway of hip strategy?

A
  1. ) paraspinals

2. ) hamstrings

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45
Q

how does the head move in hip strategy?

A

head moves opposite of hips

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46
Q

how long can it take for balance to be fully developed?

A

7-11 years

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47
Q

milestones of locomotion

A
  1. ) rolling: 4-10 months
  2. ) pre-walking: lots of variation
  3. ) walking alone: 9-17/18 months
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48
Q

characteristics of early walking

A
  1. ) short strides
  2. ) wide step width
  3. ) feet angled outwards
  4. ) flat footed pressure
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49
Q

what happens at 18 months of walking

A

toes no longer angle out

50
Q

what happens at 2 years of walking

A

rocker foot action for weight transfer

51
Q

what happens at 4 years of walking

A

adult-style walking including an arm swing

52
Q

characteristics of adult walking

A
  1. ) long strides
  2. ) heal landing and toes push off
  3. ) hips remain steady
  4. ) arm swing
53
Q

at what age is reach and grasp performed separately?

A

4-5 months

54
Q

accuracy of reaching

A
  • 7 months infant uses feed forward control strategy
  • 7 years: visual information combined with feed forward strategy
  • 9 years: combines feed forward and feedback strategies
55
Q

grasp location

A

initially infant grasp w palmar and ulnar but progress to the distal and radial location as thumb opposition develops

56
Q

aperature

A

how much you open your hand to grasp something

57
Q

aperature control

A
  • 9 months: rudimentary control
  • 7 years: aperature set with visual cues
  • 12 years: aperature control used even if object can’t be seen
58
Q

fundamental movements

A

skills that are developed

59
Q

fundamental movements vs rudimentary movements

A

fundamental movements have greater variability in development and there is no guarantee of reaching the mature state like with rudimentary movements

60
Q

why do fundamental movements how limited speed, range of potion, and joint movement early in development

A

child wants to maintain stability so they limit their range of motion and speed

61
Q

initial stage of running

A
  • motion restricted
  • short stride
  • not much arm swing
62
Q

elementary stage of running

A
  • wider stride

- alternate arm swing

63
Q

mature stage of running

A
  • vigorous arm swing
  • body over hips
  • wide and long strides
64
Q

initial stage of jumping

A
  • arm swing is limited
  • feet slightly separated
  • body weight falls backwards upon landing
65
Q

elementary stage of jumping

A

-arms initate jump

66
Q

mature stage of jumping

A
  • huge arm swing
  • large leap
  • body weight continues to propel forward upon landing
67
Q

initial stage of throwing

A
  • small movement of elbow only
  • no step
  • follow through is down
68
Q

elementary stage of throwing

A
  • shoulder joint engaged with elbow

- step occurs with the leg on the same side as the throwing arm

69
Q

mature stage of throwing

A
  • step occurs on opposite leg of throwing arm
  • large trunk rotation and shoulder movement
  • follow through continues with throw
70
Q

when does somatic maturation occur in males and females

A

males occur 2 years after females

71
Q

what age is PHV met?

A
  • females: 11.4

- males: 13.4

72
Q

what age is the onset of growth spurt occur?

A
  • females: 8-9

- males: 10.3

73
Q

what order does pubertal growth spurt occur?

A

“first we grow up, then we will in”

74
Q

how does the body cool itself?

A
  1. ) vasodilation to bring warm blood to surface and release heat into environment
  2. ) sweating
75
Q

how does the body warm itself?

A
  1. ) vasoconstriction to keep warm blood deep

2. ) shivering to increase metabolic rate

76
Q

increase of sweat throughout life

A

sweat steadily increase through childhood, adolescene, and adulthood

77
Q

sweat glands

A

people have more efficent sweat glands when they are younger, why they don’t sweat as much

78
Q

acclimatization

A

gradual physiological and perceptual changes that occur when heat and exercise exposure are performed in natural heat

79
Q

acclimation

A

gradual physiological and perceptual changes that occur when heat and exercise exposure are performed in artificial heat

80
Q

children and hot environments

A

children in hot environments can sweat more efficiently than children in colder environments

81
Q

acclimatization in men and boys

A

8-10 year old boys acclimitize slower than men (need more exposure for body to increase sweat rate)

82
Q

rating of perceived exertion

A

men have a higher RPE than boys

83
Q

rate of cooling and children

A

children are less able to thermoregulate in cold weather, so they get colder faster

84
Q

what areas of phenotypic expression have a genetic component?

A
  1. ) stature
  2. ) weight
  3. ) somatic, sexual, and skeletal maturation
  4. ) aerobic trainability (possibly)
  5. ) anaerobic performance (possibly)
85
Q

autocrine

A

cell targeting it self

86
Q

intracrine

A

cell release hormone and receptor is inside same cell

87
Q

paracrine

A

hormone secreted to target nearby cells

88
Q

endocrine

A

hormone secreted into circulation to distant target cell

89
Q

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland

A

hypothalamus releases hormones which stimulate anterior pituitary gland to release hormones which affect other cells

90
Q

tropic hormones

A

regulate hormone secretion by other endocrine glands (hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland)

91
Q

Growth Hormone effects

A
  • influences the release of IGF-1

- influences protein, carb, and lipid metabolism

92
Q

Insulin-like Growth Factor 1

A
  • released by liver in response to GH

- stimulates protein synthesis and mitosis

93
Q

what effect does IGF-1 have on body

A
  • drive chondrocytes in growth plates for linear bone growth
  • intensifies in adolescence
94
Q

thyroxine

A
  • secreted by liver in response to TSH

- needed for normal growth because without it Gh and IGF-1 can’t work proper

95
Q

adrenal androgens

A

generally help promote masculine characteristics

96
Q

what is the main source of testosterin in females

A

adrenal androgen

97
Q

what is the main source of testosterone in males

A

testes

98
Q

function of estrogen

A
  • drive growth of sex organs and fat deposition

- speed up closure of growth plates

99
Q

androgens in males (testosterone)

A

-stimulate puberty (lower voice, adams apple, pubic hair, etc.)

100
Q

how are androgens correlated to linear bone growth

A
  • testosterone triggers production of GH and IGF-1

- accelerates long bone growth

101
Q

insulin

A

secreted by liver when blood sugar levels are too low

102
Q

when does growth hormone increase in blood in males

A

increase in GH up until 13 then decreases

103
Q

when does GH increase in blood in females

A

increase in GH up until 11

104
Q

gonadotropins

A

hormones that regulate secretion of hormones from ovaries and testes

105
Q

function of FSH

A

structure

106
Q

function of LH

A

hormones

107
Q

FSH in females

A

stimulates growth if ovarian follice

108
Q

LH in females

A

promotes maturation of follicles, ovulation, development of corpus luteum, and further production of estrogen

109
Q

FSH in males

A

promotes development of seminiferous tubules and production of sperm

110
Q

LH in males

A

stimulates Leydig cells in testes to produce testosterone

111
Q

levels of FSH in males and females

A
  • steady climb and increase in FSH levels

- females take off in FSH levels first

112
Q

LH levels in males and females

A
  • prepuberty levels low
  • around stage 1 increase
  • males take off earlier in LH compared to FSH
113
Q

how does leptin contribute to onset of puberty

A
  • leptin correlates with subcutaneous fat levels

- higher levels of leptin speed up entry of puberty (tells body there is enough adipose tissue to support baby)

114
Q

levels of leptin in females

A

-steadily rise until 16 then plateau

115
Q

levels of leptin in males

A
  • U-shaped

- rise in leptin until age 12 then a fall

116
Q

negative feedback loop

A

if levels of hormone are high in blood stream, then the tropic hormone will be increased, if levels are low in blood stream then tropic hormone will be decreased

117
Q

positive feeback loop

A

good for rapidly increasing levels of hormones

118
Q

negative feedback loop in gonad hormones

A

negative feedback loop because we don’t want a lot of estrogen of testosterone in infancy and childhood

119
Q

positive feedback loop sin gonad hormones

A

positive feedback loop because we want high levels of FSH and LH to promote puberty

120
Q

calcitonin

A
  • decreases calcium levels in blood
  • secreted by thyroid
  • activates osteoblast to deposit calcium in bone and increase level of calcium urinated out
121
Q

PTH

A
  • secreted by parathyoid
  • increase calcium levels in blood
  • stimulates osteoclast, decreases activity of osteoblast, and decrease amount of calcium urinated out

Human Growth and Motor Development (1 decks)

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