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Psych 101 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Most dramatic changes occur during

A

Prenatal development

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2
Q

Zygote

A

Formed when sperm cell fertilizes an egg

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3
Q

What happens during the germinal stage

A

Zygote divides over and over again to form blastocyst

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4
Q

How long does the embryonic stage last

A

8 weeks

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5
Q

Fetal stage

A

9th week

Major organs are established and heart beats

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6
Q

Brain development

A

Between day 18 and 6th month neurons grow at an incredible rate

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7
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental factors that can exert a negative Impact on prenatal development

Like smoking, drugs

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8
Q

Viability point

A

25 weeks

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9
Q

Motor behaviours

A

Bodily motions that occur as results of self initiated force that moves the bones and muscles

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10
Q

The relative size of our body parts changed dramatically during the first

A

20 years

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11
Q

Transitional period between childhood and adulthood

A

Bodies reach full maturity is part due to hormonal release

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12
Q

What does puberty cause

A

Changes in primary and secondary sex characteristics

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13
Q

Menarche

A

First incidence of menttruation

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14
Q

Spermarche

A

Beginning development of sperm

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15
Q

Fertility in women declines

A

Thirties and forties

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16
Q

How we acquire to learn think and communicate differ in the three ways

A

Stagelike vs gradual changes in understanding
Sudden spurts in knowledge followed by periods of stability

Domain general vs domain specific
Cognitive skills affect most or all cognitive function
Cognitive skills develop independly and at different rate

Principal source of learning
Some models emphasize physical experience and some social

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17
Q

Jean piaget

A

Swiss

Presented first complete account of cognitive development
Stage theorist who believed skills were domain general

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18
Q

Piaget theory

A

Schema
Organized mental patterns that adapt and change with mental development

Intellect grows through two processes

Assimilation
Process in which people understand an experience in terms of their current stage of cognitive development and way of thinking

Accommodation
Changes in existing ways of thinking that occur in response to encounters with new stimuli or events

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19
Q

Piaget stages

A

Sensorimotor
Birth to two years
Focus on the here and now
Lack object permanence and deferred imitation
Major milestone is mental representation

Preoperational
2-7 years
Ability to construct mental representation of experience
Hampered by egocentrism and inability to perform mental operation
Lack convo

Concrete operations
7-11
Mental operations but only for actual physical events

Formal operations
11- adulthood
Understand hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now
Logical concepts and abstract questions

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20
Q

Cons of piaget

A

Development is more conti uous
Probably underestimated children’s competence
Culturally biased methods

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21
Q

Pros of piaget

A

Highly influential
Helped change how we think about cognitive development
Children are not small adults
Learning is active rather than passive process

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22
Q

Lev vygotsky

A

Social and cultural Influences on cognitive development

Parents structure environments for learning and then gradually remove it (scaffolding)

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23
Q

Cognitive landmarks

A

Categorize objects by kind
Naive physics and how physical objects behave
Concept of self and others and theory of mind
Counting and math

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24
Q

Cognitive changes in adolescence

A

Frontal lobes don’t fully mature till late adolescence
May not care about risks
Changing attitudes toward knowledge

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25
Q

Cognitive function in late adulthood

A

Aspects of cognition decline

But many stay stable or increase

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26
Q

When does stranger anxiety start

A

8-9 months

Peaks 13-15 months

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27
Q

Temperament

A

Early appearing and largely genetic

Three major styles
Easy 40%
Difficult 10
Slow to warm up 15

10% of children may be behaviorally inhibited

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28
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional connection we share with these to whom we feel closest

Imprinting and possible sensitive/critical period for healthy interpersonal relationships

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29
Q

Ruthers studies of Romanian organs

A

….

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30
Q

Contact comfort

A

Behaviorist assumed children bonded with those that provided them nourishment

Harry hallows work with rhesus mo keg showed otherwise

Physical contact played a huge role in developing attachment

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31
Q

Attachment styles

A

Refers to hoe infants react when separated from primary caregiver strange situation task

Four categories of behviour

Secure attachment 60%
Sad when mom leaves then joy when she comes back

Insecure avoidant 15-20%
Not too sad when mom leaves not really joyful when returns

Insecure anxious 15-20%
Panics when mom leaves, mixed emotions on return

Disorganized 5-10%
Confused set of responses

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32
Q

Parenting styles

A

Permissive
Tend to be lenient, little discipline, very affectionate

Authoritarian
Very strict, punishing, little affection

Authoritative
Supportive, but set clear and firm limits

Uninvolved
Neglectful, ignoring

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33
Q

Baumrinds research

A

Authoritive parents show the best social and emotional adjustment and lowest levels of behavior problems

Her findings may not hold up well outside of Caucasian middle class of North American families

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34
Q

Influence of peers vs Parents on social development

A

Fathers differ from mothers in several ways
Spend less time with babies
More time In physical play

35
Q

Impact of same sex parents on development

A

No difference from opposite sex couples in social adjustment academics or sexual orientation

36
Q

Gender identity vs gender role

A

……

37
Q

Non-binary or gender fluid

A

Feeling that their gender identity or gender expression fall outside the traditional male female binary

May identify as male and female or either

38
Q

Eriksons model

A 
Infancy
Toddlerhood
Early childhood
Middle childhood
Adolescence
Young adulthood
Adulthood
aging
39
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

18-25 years old

Emotional develop,met, identity

40
Q

Role experimentation

A

Process of struggling with which type of identity fits bests

41
Q

Kohlbergs moral development

A

Preconvemtiomal
Focus on punishment and rewards

Conventional
Focus on societal values

Postconventional
Internal moral principles

42
Q

Stress

A

Tension, discomfort, physical symptoms that arise when a stressor strains our ability to cope

43
Q

Three approaches to stress

A

Stress as stimuli
Stress as transaction
Stress as response

44
Q

Hassles

A

Minor annoyance that strain our ability to cope

45
Q

Social psychology

A

Of how a persons behavior thought and feelings are influenced by the real imagined or implied presence of others

46
Q

Key themes in social psychology

A

Social influence
Ways of behavior can be affected by other people

Social cognition
How people think about other people and how cognitions influence behaviors towards others

Social interaction
Positive and negative aspects of people relating to others

Social systems
How larger systems are created and maintained to influence behaviorist

47
Q

Humans as a social species

A

Need to belong
Theory and biologically based need for interpersonal connections

Hurts us to be isolated or rejected

Most social influences processes are adaptive under most circumstances

Social influences should be evaluated critically

48
Q

Social comparison theory

A

We seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

Upward
Superior

Downward
Inferior

Both can boost our self concept

49
Q

Social contagion

A

When a situation is ambiguous and we’re not sure what to do we often look to others for cues

Social behavior is often contagious

50
Q

Collective delusions

A

Many people simultaneously becoming convinced of a persistent false belief despite indisputable false belief despite indisputable evidence to the contrary

51
Q

Mass hysteria

A

Contagious outbreak of irrational behavior that spreads

52
Q

Urban legends

A

Another example of social contagions

53
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Attributions are assigning causes to Behavioir

Associated with cultural factors

Chinese less likely committed to this error

54
Q

Conformity

A

Tendency to alter our behavior as a result of a group pressure

Demonstrated by solomons aschs experiment in 1950

Unanimity
Increased conformity
Lower comformkty if only one other person differed from the majority

55
Q

Differences in conformity

A

Low self esteem are more likely to conform

Asian culture more likely to conform

No gender differences

56
Q

Deindividuation

A

Tendency to engage in atypical Behaviour when stripped of your usual idenitity

More vaulter able to social influence

57
Q

Stanford prison study

A

Recruited normal young men for a two week psychological study of prison life

Randomly assigned them to either guard or prisoner

58
Q

Groupthink

A

Emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

Certain Symptoms make it more likely to occur

59
Q

Cults

A

Groups that exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause

Promote groupthink in four major ways 
Have persuasive leader 
Disconnect members from outside world
Discourage questioning of assumptions 
Gradually indoctrinate members
60
Q

Obedience

A

Adherence to orders from those of higher authority

61
Q

Stanly milgram

A

Student of aschs who wanted to know how the Holocaust could have occurred
Designed experiment to test the influence of obedience and authority on normal people

62
Q

Milgram paragram

A

Voluntary subjects were taken to lab and introduced to a fellow volunteer and a researcher

Teachers were suppose to shock learners when they did not repeat the words right

63
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Behavior is behavior intended to help others

64
Q

Antisocial behavior

A

Includes aggressive acts

Humans display both and situational factors can influence

65
Q

Bystander nonintervention

A

People see sometime in need but fail to help them

66
Q

Social loafing

A

Slack off in groups

Due partly to diffusion of responsibility and influenced by cultural factors

67
Q

Altruism

A

Helping others for unselfish reasons

Extraverter people are more prime to help

68
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior intended to harm others

69
Q

Difference in aggression

A

Personality influence aggression

Cultural

70
Q

Belief

A

Conclusion regarding factual evidence

71
Q

Attitude

A

Belief that included a emotional part

72
Q

Origins of attitudes

A

Recognition heuristic
Personally treats
Political views
Religiosity

73
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Unpleasant state of tension between two opposing thoughts

74
Q

Self perception theory

A

Proposes that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behavior

75
Q

Impression management theory

A

Proposes that we don’t change our attitudes but report that we have for consistency

76
Q

Routes to persuasion

A

Dual processes mode
Two pathways to persuading others

Central
Focuses on info content

Peripheral
Surface aspects of the argument

77
Q

Persuasion techniques

A

Foot in the door
Small request and moves to a larger one

Door in the face
Starts big then backs off

Low ball
Starts with low price then adds on

78
Q

Prejudice

A

Drawing negative conclusions prior to evaluating the evidence

79
Q

Ultimate attribution error

A

Attributing negative behavior of some group entirely tomtheir disposition

80
Q

In group bias

A

Fav out those within group

81
Q

Out group homogeneity

A

View people outside of the group similar

82
Q

Discrimination

A

The act of treating members of out groups differently from members of kn groups

83
Q

Roots of prejudice

A

Scapegoat hypothesis
Arises from need to blame other groups for our misfortunes

Just world hypothesis
Implies that we have a need to see the world as fair

Conformity
Going along with others opinions

84
Q

Robbers cave study

A

Encouraging people to work towards common goals

Psych 101 (3 decks)

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