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Brain & Behaviour > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 stages of brain development?

A
  1. Neurogenesis
  2. Cell Migration
  3. Cell Differentiation
  4. Synaptogenesis
  5. Neuronal cell death
  6. Synapse rearrangement
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2
Q

What are cell-adhesion molecules?

A

Aid in migration and aggregation

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3
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Pass cytoplasm between cells

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4
Q

What is a growth cone?

Guidance molecules?

A

Growth cone —> at growing tip of each extension, extends and retracts filopodia as if finding its way

Guidance molecules —> released by glia and adjacent growing axons, provide signals

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5
Q

Describe the loss of synapses in the human cortex

A

Net loss of synapses from late childhood until mid adolescence. Process reached prefrontal cortex last - “teenager impulsivity”

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6
Q

What is Binocular deprivation?

A

Preventing sight in both eyes, results in loss of dendritic spines and reduction in synapses in visual cortex. If deprivation lasts long enough, sigh can never be restored.

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7
Q

What is Monocular deprivation?

A

One eye deprived of light during the sensitive period

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8
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Study of factors that change gene expression without changing gene sequences. (Ex. Mother rats liking their pups)

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9
Q

What is methylation?

A

Chemical modification of DNA without changing the nucleotide sequence; these genes less likely to be expressed.

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10
Q

What are labeled lines?

A

Brain recognizes the senses as distance because their action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts.

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11
Q

What is receptor potential?

A

Local change in membrane potential

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12
Q

What is sensory transduction?

A

Conversion of electrical energy from a stimulus into a change in membrane potential in a receptor cell.

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13
Q

What are the 3 separate and interacting systems of the somatosensory system?

A
  1. Exteroceptive —> external stimuli (touch, temperature, pain)
  2. Proprioceptive —> body position
  3. Interoceptive —> body conditions (temperature and blood pressure)
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14
Q

What are the specialized receptors in the exteroceptive (touch) system?

A
  1. Pacinian corpuscles: vibration, pressure (textures)
  2. Meissner’s corpuscles: changes in stimuli
  3. Merkel’s discs: edges and isolated points
  4. Ruffini corpuscles: skin stretch when move fingers or limbs
  5. Free nerve endings: pain, heat, cold
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15
Q

How is stimulus location detected in the brain?

A

Orderly map-like representation of position of activated receptors

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16
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

Area within which the presence of a stimulus will alter a sensory neuron’s firing rate.

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17
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

Progressive decrease in a receptor’s response to sustained stimulus.

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18
Q

What is the sensory adaptation of nocioception? (Pain)

A

Slow —> damage to dendrite or surrounding cells releases chemicals that stimulate the dendrite to produce action potentials.

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19
Q

What is the sensory adaptation of hapsis? (Fine touch & pressure)

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (touch) —> rapid (pressure stimulates action potential)
Pacinian corpuscle (flutter) —> rapid
Ruffini corpuscle (vibration) —> rapid
Merkel’s receptors (skin indentation) —> slow
Hair receptors —> slow

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20
Q

What is the sensory adaptation of proprioception (body awareness)?

A

Muscle spindles —> rapid
Golgi tendon organs —> rapid
Joint receptors —> rapid

Movements stretch receptors to mechanically stimulate dendrites to produce action potentials.

21
Q

What are the 2 major somatosensory pathways?

A
  1. dorsal-column medial lemniscus system

2. Antero-lateral system

22
Q

What is the primary sensory cortex?

A

Exists for each sensory modality & provides initial processing of sensory information. Located in the postcentral gyrus; receives touch information from opposite side of the body.

23
Q

What is the secondary sensory cortex?

A

Receives direct projections from the primary sensory cortex.

24
Q

What are polymodal neurons?

A

Neurons that processes input form different sensory systems.

25
Q

What is synesthesia?

A

Condition in which a stimulus in one modality also creates a sensation in another (see colour, taste shapes, etc.)

26
Q

What is the posterior parietal association cortex?

A

Integrates information about location of body parts & external objects. Receives visual, auditory and somatosensory information. Outputs to the motor cortex.

27
Q

What are nociceptors?

A

Peripheral receptors on free nerve endings that respond to painful stimuli. (TRPV1 receptors are thin, unmyelinated C fibers that conduct slowing, producing lasting pain)

28
Q

What are the transient receptor potential type M3 (TRPM3)?

A

Detects higher temperatures than TRPV1, does not respond to capsaicin. Found on A delta fibers (large unmyelinated axons that register pain quickly)

29
Q

What is analgesia?

A

Absence or reduction of pain

30
Q

What is the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

Mediates the emotional component of pain

31
Q

What is neuropathic pain?

A

“Phantom limb pain” —> may be due to inappropriate signaling of pain by neurons.

32
Q

What is the sensorimotor hierarchy?

A

Prefrontal cortex (plans movement)—> promotor cortex (organizes movement sequences) —> motor cortex (produces specific movements) —> basal ganglia/cerebellum/spinal cord —> muscles (worker)

33
Q

What are antagonists?

A

When one muscle group contracts, it stretches another group

34
Q

What are synergists?

A

Muscles that act together to move a limb.

35
Q

What are fast-twitch fibers?

A

In muscles, contract rapidly but fatigue easily (sprinter).

36
Q

What are slow-twitch fibers?

A

Contract with low intensity but fatigue slowly (marathon runner).

37
Q

What are flexors?

A

Bend or flex a joint

38
Q

What are extensors?

A

Straighten or extend a joint

39
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Collection of information about body movements and position (where body is in space)

40
Q

What are the 2 kinds of proprioceptors?

A

Golgi tendon organs —> detect muscle tension & overload

Muscle spindles —> detect changes in muscle length (contract/extend)

41
Q

Explain the activation of muscle receptors

A

Muscle relaxed —> spindle and golgi tendon activity decreases
Muscle lengthened —> spindle and golgi tendon activity increased
Muscle contracted —> spindle activity decreased, golgi tendon organ activity increased

42
Q

What is the stretch reflex?

A

In the spinal cord, incoming sensory information from muscle spindles stimulated a bundle of muscles and inhibits that bundle’s antagonists.

43
Q

What is the pyramidal system?

A

Axons of neuronal cell bodies in cerebral cortex, pass through brainstem, form pyramidal tract in spinal cord and cross to contra lateral side. Many axons in pyramidal tract originate from neurons in primary motor cortex and precentral gyrus.

44
Q

What is the extrapyramidal system?

A

Consists of other axon pathways with tracts that lie outside of the pyramids in the medulla. These projections pass to the spinal cord via specialized motor regions of the midbrain and brain stem. (Not contralateral, trunk of body)

45
Q

What is the dorsolateral motor pathway?

A

One direct tract that synapses in brain stem. Terminates in one contralateral spinal segment, distal muscles (legs, arms)

46
Q

What is the ventromedial motor pathway?

A

Direct tract that synapses in brain stem, more diffuse, bilateral inner action, proximal muscles (trunk), posture and whole body movement.

47
Q

What are mirror neurons?

A

Same neurons fire before making a movement but when observing another individual make the same movement.

48
Q

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

A

Progressive loss of dopaminergic cells in substantia nigra which results in slowed movement, tremors, etc.

49
Q

What causes Huntington’s Disease?

A

Progressive damage to the basal ganglia especially caudate and putamen which results in increasingly excessive movement

Brain & Behaviour (2 decks)

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