Exam 2

Question 1

• 6 Functions of fat?

Answer 1

Energy source during rest and during light and moderate exercise

Huge storage of potential energy in the body (80-100,000 calories!)
Very dense; does not allow for much water storage (compared to CHO)

Protection of vital organs

Carries substances in bloodstream and helps with digestion
Fat-soluble vitamins; lycopene, etc.

Gives flavor and texture to food

Enhances satiety

Question 2

• Energy density of fat

Answer 2

Energy-dense molecules: 9 calories/ gram

Question 3

• Majority (98%) of fats are

Answer 3

in the form of triglycerides

Question 4

• Fatty acid chain length; physical characteristics in food?

Answer 4

Varying lengths of fatty acids: affects digestion, absorption, and use in body
Short chain fatty acids (SCFA)
•	2-4 carbons
Medium chain fatty acid (MCFA)
•	6-10 carbons
Long chain fatty acids (LCFA)
•	12+ carbons
The shorter the chain, the more liquid at room temperature
MCFA and SCFA are digested quickly

Question 5

saturated fats

Answer 5

o	No double bonds
o	Saturated with hydrogen
o	Solid at room temperature
o	Examples:
	Animal fats (lard, tallow, dairy)
	Tropical oils (including coconut, palm, palm kernel oils)

Question 6

Unsaturated

Answer 6

o Liquid at room temperature

Question 7

Monounsaturated (MUFA)

Answer 7

 One double bond

 Olive oil, avocado oil, tree nuts

Question 8

Polyunsaturated (PUFA)

Answer 8

 2+ double bonds

 Corn, soybean, sunflower, safflower oils

Question 9

• what are trans fatty acids with examples-

Answer 9

Usually lab created
Changes the chemical structure of an unsaturated fat
Improves shelf life of otherwise spoilable foods
Examples: shelf-table creams, margarines, snack items

Question 10

o why are are trans fatty bad?

Answer 10

our bodies aren’t sure how to digest these

Increases risk for heart disease, raises blood cholesterol levels

Question 11

cholesterol

Answer 11

o Food sources? Only animals
Chicken, egg, beef, pork, lobster, shrimp
o Why do we need it?
Produces Vitamin D
Makes bile
Forms steroid hormones (incl. testosterone and estrogen)

Question 12

• Recommended fat intake (AMDR; %age of each type of fat)

Answer 12

AMDR: 20–35% of total calories
o ~ 10–15% polyunsaturated
o ~ 15–20% monounsaturated
o 7–10% saturated (no more than 10%)

Question 13

• How to calculate calories from fat and vice versa (bring your calculator!)

Answer 13

(How ever many grams of fat * 9cal / gram) / total calories in the item * 100

Question 14

• Protein bonds are called?

Answer 14

Peptide bonds

Question 15

• What are amino acids?

Answer 15

the building blocks of protein

Question 16

• What is protein made of?

Answer 16

2+ amino acids

C, H, O, N

Question 17

• What does essential and nonessential mean, regarding amino acids?

Answer 17

20 amino acids
9 essential amino acids
Must come from diet
11 nonessential amino acids
2 conditionally essential amino acids
  Tyrosine
  Cytosine

Question 18

• What are complete proteins and their sources

Answer 18

Complete proteins
Contain all essential amino acids
Found in all animal products, plus: soy and quinoa

Question 19

what are incomplete proteins and their sources

Answer 19

Incomplete proteins
Missing one or more essential amino acids
Most other plant foods (besides those listed above)

Question 20

explain high quality proteins

Answer 20

High-quality proteins
   A complete protein
   Contains extra amino acids for protein synthesis
   Good digestibility
   Usually from animal-derived foods

Question 21

explain low quality proteins

Answer 21

Low-quality proteins
An incomplete protein
One or more limiting amino acids
Usually from plant-derived foods

Question 22

• Who may be in danger of not eating enough protein?

Answer 22

Elderly people

People with cancer may have trouble eating as much protein as they need.

Severe malnutrition from lack of protein is called kwashiorkor (more common in developing countries, especially with children)

Question 23

• Explain what complementary proteins are.

Answer 23

Pairing certain incomplete proteins together “fills in the gaps” of the missing essential amino acids
Can be done throughout the day doesn’t have to be at the same meal

Question 24

• Name common sources of animal proteins.

Answer 24

Egg, salmon, stake, chicken

Question 25

name common sources of plant proteins

Answer 25

Spinach, broccoli, cauliflower, mushrooms

Question 26

• What is the AMDR and the relative calculations for protein needs

Answer 26

AMDR: 10-35% of daily calories
RDA: 0.8 grams/ kilogram of body weight

Question 27

Calculate Calories of protein in a product

Answer 27

(How ever many grams of fat * 4cal / gram) / total calories in the item * 100

Question 28

• AI for men and women

Answer 28

Males: 3.7 quarts
Females: 2.7 quarts

Question 29

• What are the main electrolytes?

Answer 29

sodium, potassium, and chloride

Question 30

basic function of sodium (ex)

Answer 30

electrolyte (salt)

Question 31

basic function of potassium (ex)

Answer 31

Electrolyte; cell homeostasis (potatoes, bananas)

Question 32

basic function of chloride (ex)

Answer 32

pH balance, pressure regulator, enzyme absorption (meat, salt)