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Physiology of Exercise > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is ATP, how is it formed, and how does it provide energy during metabolism?

A

ATP is a high energy compound in the body, the usable form of energy derived from food. It is used during exercise as fuel.

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2
Q

What is the primary substrate used to provide energy at rest? During high-intensity exercise?

A

At rest, carbs and fats are almost equally broken down for energy. During high-intensity exercise, more carbs are used than fats to generate ATP.

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3
Q

What is the role of PCr in energy production, and what are its limitations? Describe the relationship between muscle ATP and PCr during sprint exercise.

A

Energy from PCr can be used to add a Pi molecule to ADP, forming ATP.
During sprint PCr decreases bc it is donating phosphates to ATP.

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4
Q

Describe the essential characteristics of the three energy systems?

A 
ATP-PCr System- anaerobic, Pi separate from PCr by creatine kinase Pi combines with ADP and forms ATP using energy from PCr breakdown, main function is to maintain ATP levels early in exercise, energy yield= 1 mole ATP per 1 mol PCr
Glycolytic System (glycolysis)- anaerobic, glucose/glycogen broken down to pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid converted to lactic acid when no 02, energy yield= 1 mole glucose yields 2 mol ATP; 1 mol glycogen yields 3 ATP
Oxidative system(oxidative phosphorylation)- aerobic, glycolysis, krebs cycle, etc, and yields- H20, CO2, 32-33 ATP per carb molecule
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5
Q

Why are the ATP-PCr and glycolytic energy systems considered anaerobic?

A

They don’t need oxygen to produce energy. ATP-PCr and glycolytic systems are major contributors of energy during short-burst activities.

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6
Q

What role does oxygen play in the process of aerobic metabolism?

A

Oxygen is used in the final step of cellular respiration as the final electron acceptor, and is used to create water. Without it only glycolysis can occur.

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7
Q

What is lactic acid, and why is it important?

A

Pyruvic acid is converted directly to lactic acid in the absence of oxygen. Acid decreases the fibers’ calcium-binding capacity and may impede muscle contraction.

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8
Q

Discuss the interaction among the three energy systems with respect to the rate at which energy can be produced and the sustained capacity to produce that energy.

A

ATP-PCr: up to 15 seconds of energy, 1 ATP per molecule of substrate, PCr to Cr, and anaerobic
Glycolysis: approx. 1 min of energy, 2-3 ATP per molecule substrate, glucose/glycogen to lactate, anaerobic
Oxidative Phosphorylation: approx. 90 min of energy, glucose/glycogen to CO2 and H2O, aerobic

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9
Q

What is meant by the crossover concept, and how does it change with endurance exercise training?

A

The cross over concept in relation to exercise intensity is the idea that the balance of fat and carbs utilization during exercise depends on the interaction between exercise intensity

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10
Q

How do type I muscle fibers differ from type II fibers in their respective oxidative capacities? What accounts for those differences?

A

Muscle fiber I fibers have more mitochondria and a higher concentration of oxidative enzymes compared to type II fibers, known as the fast-twitch fibers, fiber 5 fibers are better suited for glycolytic energy production since they need it faster

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11
Q

Metabolic reactions that do not require oxygen?

A

anaerobic metabolism

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12
Q

A simple sugar that is the body’s primary fuel source during exercise.

A

glucose

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13
Q

These are created within the mitochondria then there is excess oxygen and they can negatively affect cell function

A

reactive oxygen species

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14
Q

The enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that produces ATP from PC, ADP, and Pi

A

creatine kinase

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15
Q

Metabolic reactions that result in the synthesis of molecules

A

anabolism

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16
Q

Basic fuel sources, such as CHO, PRO, and fats

A

substrates

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17
Q

The storage form of glucose in the muscle and liver

A

glycogen

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18
Q

The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid

A

glycolysis

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19
Q

The process of breaking down a triglyceride to its basic units to be used for energy

A

lipolysis

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20
Q

A high-energy phosphate compound from which the body derives its energy

A

ATP

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21
Q

Metabolic reactions that result in the breakdown of molecules

A

catabolism

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22
Q

A series of chemical reactions that involve the complete oxidation of acetyl CoA to produce 2 mol of ATP along with hydrogen nd carbon, which combine with oxygen to form H2O and CO2

A

krebs cycle

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23
Q

The enzyme within a metabolic pathway that controls the rate of pathway activity

A

rate-limiting

24
Q

Metabolic reactions that require oxygen

A

aerobic metabolism

25
Q

The high-energy phosphate compound from which ATP is formed

A

ADP

26
Q

relative balance between CHO and fat metabolism during sustained exercise; below 60% lipids, above 75% CHO

A

cross over concept

27
Q

a series of reactions inside the mitochondria that use hydrogen ions to produce ATP, CO2, water, and heat

A

electron transport chain

28
Q

the process of converting protein into fatty acids

A

lipogenesis

29
Q

biological (chemical) reactions that produce energy

A

bioenergetics

30
Q

a simple anaerobic energy system that functions to maintain ATP levels; breakdown of phosphocreatine (PCr) frees Pi, which then combines with ADP to form ATP

A

ATP-PCr

31
Q

the molecule produced from both CHO and fat metabolism that enters the Krebs cycle

A

acetyl CoA

32
Q

the most critical mineral in the process of excitation-contraction coupling

A

anaerobic metabolism

33
Q

TorF: A healthy body uses little protein during rest and exercise

A

True

34
Q

NADH molecules, formed in the _____, cannot directly enter the mitochondria

A

sarcoplasm

35
Q

what is aerobic?

A

with oxygen; lower intensity

36
Q

what is anaerobic?

A

without oxygen; short duration

37
Q

what are substrates?

A

fuel sources from which we make energy (carbs, fats, proteins)

38
Q

what is ATP stand for?

A

adenosine triphosphate

39
Q

what are bioenergetics?

A

conversion of substrates into energy

40
Q

what is metabolism?

A

chemical reactions in the body

41
Q

what is fueled in the body during resting, short exercise, and long exercise?

A

resting: 50% carbs and 50% fat
short: more carbs
long: carbs and fat

42
Q

all carbs are converted to what?

A

glucose

43
Q

glycogen is stored where?

A

in the cytoplasm of muscle cells

44
Q

where is additional glycogen stored?

A

the liver

45
Q

without adequate carb intake, what happens?

A

the muscles can be deprived of their primary energy source

46
Q

what is the only energy source used by brain tissue?

A

carbs

47
Q

what are a key structural component of all cell membranes and form protective sheaths around some large nerves?

A

phospholipids

48
Q

what are found in cell membranes and also function as hormones or as building blocks of hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone

A

steroids

49
Q

what is protein?

A

energy substrate during severe energy depletion and/or starvation

50
Q

protein can be used as a what kind of energy source under some circumstances?

A

minor

51
Q

protein can be converted to what?

A

glucose(gluconeogenesis) and FFAs(lipogenesis)

52
Q

what is a key enzyme of which the activity determines the overall rate of a metabolic pathway?

A

a rate-limiting enzyme

53
Q

what is the breakdown of ATP to release energy?

A

ATP + water + ATPase = ADP + Pi + energy

54
Q

ADP is a ____ compound that is less useful

A

lower-energy

55
Q

what is the synthesis of ATP from by-products

A

ADP + Pi + energy = ATP

56
Q

synthesis of AT from by products can occur in either

A

absence or presence of 02

Physiology of Exercise (1 decks)

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