Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
water-soluble vitamins
A
B, C
2
Q
fat-soluble vitamins
A
A, D, E, K
3
Q
provitamins
A
consumed and activated in the body
4
Q
bioavailability
A
rate which nutrients are absorbed and used
5
Q
B vitamins coenzyme
A
energy metabolism
6
Q
B1 (thiamin)
- function
A
change CHO to energy
7
Q
B1 deficiency
A
- occurs in malnourished indi, and alcoholics
- BeriBeri disease
8
Q
BeriBeri Dry vs Wet
A
dry- affects nrvs syst
wet - CV system, swelling
9
Q
B1 destruction
A
prolonged cooking- breakdown CHO
10
Q
B2 (riboflavin)
function
A
growth and RBC production
11
Q
destruction of B2
A
UV light
12
Q
B3 (Niacin) deficiency
A
pellagra
13
Q
pellagra ( niacin b3 deficiency)
A
4ds- dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, death
14
Q
B5 Panthothenic
A
destroyed by freexing
found in chicken and beef
15
Q
B6 pyridoxine
A
energy and protein metabolism
16
Q
Folate B9 function
A
converts B12 to coenzyme form
synthesizes DNA and RBC
17
Q
Folate recommendations
A
pregnant women reqiure 200ug/d more than adults 400ug/day
18
Q
folate deficiency
A
macrocytic anemia
19
Q
macrocytic anemia (folate)
A
megastastic anemia
20
Q
folate toxicty
A
yes, leads to b12 deficency
21
Q
folate destroyed by…
A
head and oxygen
22
Q
B12 function
A
synthesiszes DNA for cell growth and nerve protection
- activates folate
23
Q
B12 digestion/absotption
A
stomach- HCL and pepsin realised - intrinsic factor secreted,
small intestine- intrinsic factor binds with b12- illieum major b12 absorption site
24
Q
Deficiency of B12
A
prenecious anemia- large RBC and neuro symptoms
25
H2O soluble Vitamins with deficiency
B1,B3,B6, folate, B12, vit C
26
Vitamin A function
vision, epithelial integrity, reproduction and growth, bone remodeling.
27
vitamin A deficiency
night blindness, keratinization
28
vitamin A toxicity
birth defcts, vison changes, osteoporois,
29
Beta- carotene
the precursor to vit A; antioxidant
30
vitamin D- function
-reg calcium levels
| bone turnover and Ca absorption
31
activation of vitamin D
starts in the liver with hydroxyl group and another is added in the kidney
32
Vitamin D toxicity
yes- excessive Ca in blood
33
Vitamin E- alpha-tocopherol - function
antioxidant absorbs fat, decreases cardiovascular disease
34
Vitamin E deficiency
possible hemolytic anemia - unlikely
35
Vit E vulnerability
heat and oxygen
36
Vitamin K- function
coenzyme for blood clotting - bone turnover, and maintenance
37
vitamin k1/2
1) found in plants
| 2) synthesized in the gut ( small)
38
Vitamin K warning
in warfarin, users should watch K levels bec may counteract
39
Minerals
inorganic- provide no energy-
40
bioavailability
phytates- legumes, whole grains, seeds
| Oxalates- rhubarb, spinach, chocolate, sweet potatoes.
41
phytates bind with...
ZINC, IRON, calcium, mang, copper.
42
oxalates bind with...
calcium
43
Major minerals
Sodium, chloride, Calcium, Potassium, phosphorus
44
Sodium Na+ function
fluis balance, nerve impulses, muscle contraction,
45
excessive Na+ leads to
edema, hypertension, strooke, chorinc heart failure, increse Ca+ loss.
46
Chloride Cl-
primary, extracellular amino. fluis balacne, stomach acid
47
Potassium k+ fucntion
fluis balance, msucle contraction, nerve impulses.
48
K+ ( less processed means ...)
more k+ less Na+
49
K+ ( more processed means..)
less k+ more Na+
50
K+ deficency
hypertension, kidney stones, irregular heart beat, muscle weakness
51
Calcium Ca+ function
calcium bank in bones, BP balance, , nerve impulse transmission
52
Ca+ deficency
osteoporosis
53
low blood calcium
vitamin D activated and intestinal absorption increases, Ca from bones released
54
High Blood Calcium
calcitonin released from thyroid- decreased Ca absorption, as well as bone release
55
IncreasesCa absoroption
caffine alchol
56
Phosphurus
component in teeth, bones, DNA, RNA
57
Trace Minerals
small amounts of minerals
58
Iron Fe
largest deficiency
oxygen transportaion
AA and protein metabolisn
59
absorption of Fe
depnds on need and store,
60
Ferritin in Fe
captures Fe from foos and store sit in muscos cells until need
61
Hepicidin in Fe
hormone that control realese of Fe into blood.
62
Transferrin in Fe
iron transport, takes body ells where needed adn Fe storef bound to ferrin
63
Heme
from animal protein - 40% absorption
64
Fe toxicity
chronic - hemochromatosis, fe in liver, heart, and joints
| acute- iron poisoning- kids
65
1cc=
1ml
66
1 fl oz=
30cc
67
total fluid intak
1400-2800
68
1ml/kcal/day
water intake
69
purpose of supplements
intended to supplement diet.
70
supplement labels can claim...
health claims and structure function clams
71
metabolism of CHO
breakdown glycogen to glucose
72
metabolism of Fat
triglyercides into glyercol and FA--- energy
73
metabolism of Proteins
protein to AA -- energy
74
Liver importance
storage of glycerol, prod of glucose, N removal from AA
75
where do most anabolic reactions occur
liver
76
final breakdown of glucose, FA, AA, glycerol
ATP
77
energy is needed...
24/7
78
waht happens to glucose 2 hrs after a meal
glucose declines, glycogen brk down begins
79
use of CHO, Fat 2 hours after meal
CHO- breakdown to glucose fro brain and nervoud system, RBC
| Fat- breakdown into FA, used for other cells
80
Fasting
24+ hours without food and body begins to brk down msucle and lean tissue to atabolize protein fro glucose syntheses.
81
what does the liver do in fasting
converts fat to ketones as energy souce for brian
82
CHO in fasting
nothing nothing is left
83
Fat in fasting
brkdoen or FA or ketones used 4 cells and energy
84
PRotein in fasting
AA acids brk doen, used 4 brian nervs sys.
85
definition of ketones
compound produced during the incomplete breakdown of fat when glucose isnt available
86
use of ketones
energy source for nrvs sys and brain
87
Glycogenesis
makes glucose from non-CHO source
- glycerol from TG
some AA
-NO GLUCOSE FROM FA
88
Body weight
fat + lean tissue
89
BMI
index of ones weight in relation to height
90
BMI function
kg/m^2 (lbs.in^2)x703
91
BMI underweight
<18.9
92
BMI normal
18.5-24.9
93
BMI overweight
25-29.9
94
BMI obese
>30
95
apple shaped fat distribution
fat in abdomen- higher risk-of Cardiovascular disease
96
Pear shaped fat distribution
fat in hips and thighs -- lower risk of cardio disease
97
men waist circumference
higher risk > 40 in
98
women waist circumference
higher risk > 35 in
99
affects food intake (3)
hunger. appetite, satity
100
Enegry expenditure Basal Metabolism
50-65%
101
expenditure phsycial activty
30-50%
102
thermic effect expenditure
10%
103
basal metabolism
Energy needed to amintain life when a body is at completle est
104
basal metabolic rate
metabolsim under specid codition
105
cals in 1 lbs
3500 kcal
106
factors of a good wegiht loss plan
sustainable, not elimating food groups, excercise, nutrient dense food, accountability
107
Keto Diet
carbs are to blame to blame fro weight gain in the insulin theory
108
increase of carbs leads to increase of insulin then...
decrease in TG circulation and increased fat storage
109
keto definetion
low carb 5%, 20% protein, 75% of calories from fat
110
Not allowed in keto diet
added sugars, fruit, high CHO vegetables
111
keto diet is not...
sustainable
112
Positive of keto diet
seizure
| reduction, does help lose weight, improved blood glucose control, improved cardiovascular risk
113
Cons to keto dietq
not sustainable, nutritional deficiencies, constipation, bad breath, increase LDL cholesterol
