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Immunology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

With the exception of B cells, all other cells of the body have the immunoglobulin genes in the ______________.

A

Germline configuration

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2
Q

If viewing the three-dimensional structure of a T-cell receptor from the side, with the T-cell membrane at the bottom and the receptor pointing upwards, which of the following is inconsistent with experimental data?

A

The portion that makes physical contact with the ligand comprises Vbeta and Cbeta, the domains farthest from the T-cell membrane.

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3
Q

The mutational mechanism that results in the production of antibodies that bind antigen with higher affinity is called _____.

A

Somatic hypermutation

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4
Q

Unlike the C regions of immunoglobulin heavy-chain loci, the C regions of the T-cell receptor beta-chain loci ______.

A

Are functionally similar

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5
Q

On the heavy-chain immunoglobulin gene locus, recombination signal sequences flank _______ of the V segment, _______ of the D segment, and _______ of the J segment.

A

The 3-prime side; both sides; the 5-prime side

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6
Q

Which of the following cell types is(are) not considered a professional antigen-presenting cell(s)?

A

Neutrophil

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7
Q

The name given to a fully activated and differentiated B cell that secretes antibody is __________________.

A

Plasma cell

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8
Q

In what way does the kappa light chain differ from the lambda light chain?

A

The kappa locus encodes a single C segment, whereas the lambda locus has more than one

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9
Q

The role of the CD3 proteins and zeta chain on the surface of the cell is to ___________________.

A

Transduce signals to the interior of the T-cell

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10
Q

Which of the following describes the sequence of events involved in the processing of peptides that will be presented as antigen with MHC class II?

A

endocytosis -> protease activity -> removal of CLIP from MHC class II -> binding of peptide to MHC class II -> plasma membrane

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11
Q

CD8 T-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat _______ pathogens, whereas CD4 T-cell subpopulations are specialized to combat _______ pathogens.

A

Intracellular; extracellular

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12
Q

Directional selection is best described as ____________.

A

selected alleles increase in frequency in a population

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13
Q

A circulating B cell that has never before encountered antigen expresses _____ on the cell surface.

A

IgM and IgD

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14
Q

Linear epitopes are epitopes in proteins that comprise a contiguous amino acid sequence. They are also called continuous epitopes. In contrast, a conformational epitope is formed by amino acids that are brought together as a result of protein folding and are not adjacent in the protein sequence. Conformational epitopes are also known as discontinuous epitopes.

A

True

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15
Q

Which of the following determines the isotype of an immunoglobulin?

A

Its heavy chain

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16
Q

All of the following processes occur in mature B cells after antigen encounter except:

A

Somatic recombination

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17
Q

Which of the following does not describe B-cell receptors?

A

B-cell receptors lack specificity and can bind to a number of different antigens.

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18
Q

T-cell receptors interact not only with peptide anchored in the peptide-binding groove of MHC molecules, but also with ____________________.

A

variable amino acid residues on alpha helices of the MHC molecule

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19
Q

Which of the following is/are not encoded on chromosome 6 in the HLA complex?

A

beta2-microglobulin and invariant chain

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20
Q

Peptides that bind to a particular MHC isoform usually have either the same or chemically similar amino acids at two to three key positions that hold the peptide tightly in the peptide-binding groove of the MHC molecule. These amino acids are called _____ and the combination of these key residues is known as its _________________.

A

anchor residues; peptide-binding motif

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21
Q

Which of the following characteristics is common to both T-cell receptors and immunoglobulins?

A

Somatic recombination of V, D, and J segments is responsible for the diversity of antigen-binding sites.

22
Q

MHC class II molecules are made up of two chains called _______, whose function is to bind peptides and present them to _______ T cells.

A

alpha and beta; CD4

23
Q

As an adaptive immune response progresses, the production of variant antibodies that compete more effectively for antigen occurs, and B cells producing these antibodies are preferentially selected on the basis of their improved binding to antigen. This phenomenon is referred to as _______.

A

Affinity maturation

24
Q

Which of the following can be found in serum in a monovalent form?

A

IgG4

25
Q

Which of the following best describes the function of tapasin?

A

Tapasin is a bridging protein that binds to both TAP and MHC class I molecules and facilitates the selection of peptides that bind tightly to MHC class I molecules.

26
Q

Which of the following statements regarding CD8 T cells is incorrect?

A

When activated, CD8 T cells in turn activate B cells.

27
Q

The CDR3 loops of the T-cell receptor contact the _______.

A

side chains of amino acids in the middle of the peptide

28
Q

The enzyme responsible for adding N nucleotides is _______.

A

terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase

29
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of immunoproteasomes?

A

They produce a higher proportion of peptides containing acidic amino acids at the carboxy terminus compared with constitutive proteasomes.

30
Q

Which of the following describes two recombination signal sequences required for a permitted somatic recombination event?

A

DH 7-12-9::9-23-7 JH

31
Q

A newborn derives passive immunity from its mother as a result of placental transfer of _____ during pregnancy.

A

IgG

32
Q

How many complementarity-determining regions contribute to the antigen-binding site in an intact T-cell receptor?

A

6

33
Q

Naive B cells are recognized by their expression of ______________.

A

both IgM and IgD on the cell surface

34
Q

Which of the following is not a term used to describe the molecules or components of molecules to which antibodies bind?

A

CDR loops

35
Q

Which of the following is mismatched?

A

four C domains: IgM and IgD

36
Q

In reference to the interaction between T-cell receptors and their corresponding ligands, which of the following statements is correct?

A

The most variable part of the T-cell receptor is composed of the CDR3 loops of both the alpha and beta chains.

37
Q

_____, _____, and _____ are the three most abundant antibodies in blood:

A

IgA, IgG, and IgM

38
Q

Which of the following statements regarding Omenn syndrome is incorrect?

A

It is the consequence of complete loss of RAG function.

39
Q

Which of the following is not a characteristic of native antigen recognized by T cells?

A

not requiring degradation for recognition

40
Q

Another term commonly used to describe hypervariable loops is ___________.

A

complementarity-determining regions (CDRs)

41
Q

Which of the following is matched incorrectly?

A

affinity maturation: addition of P and N nucleotides

42
Q

The highest degree of diversity resulting from somatic recombination is concentrated ____________ of the VH and VL domains, whereas the point mutations caused by somatic hypermutation are found ____________.

A

in CDR3; throughout the V region

43
Q

Which immunoglobulin is transported most efficiently across mucosal epithelium?

A

IgA

44
Q

The immunological consequence of severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) caused by a genetic defect in either RAG-1 or RAG-2 genes is _____________________.

A

lack of somatic recombination in T-cell receptor and immunoglobulin gene loci

45
Q

T cells recognize antigen when the antigen ___________________.

A

forms a complex with membrane-bound MHC molecules on another host-derived cell

46
Q

Which of the following describes a typical ligand for an alpha:beta T-cell receptor?

A

peptide:MHC complex

47
Q

Production by the patient of antibodies against therapeutic mouse monoclonal antibodies is the major limitation for their use in humans. These human anti-antibodies are directed against the _____ of the mouse antibody.

A

C regions

48
Q

An epitope is the specific part of the antigen that is recognized by an antibody and binds to the complementarity-determining regions in the antibody variable domains. Epitopes are sometimes referred to as antigenic determinants. Epitopes can be part of a protein or can be carbohydrate or lipid structures present in the glycoproteins, polysaccharides, glycolipids, and proteoglycans of pathogens.

A

True

49
Q

IgG possesses _______ binding sites for antigen, and the T-cell receptor possesses _______ binding sites for antigen.

A

2; 1

50
Q

All of the following are oligomorphic except ___________________.

A

HLA-DQ beta chain

Immunology (8 decks)

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