EXAM 2 Flashcards
Where is trachea to the esophagus?
trachea lies anterior to the esophagus
How long is the trachea?
10 to 11 cm
Where does the trachea begin and end?
begins: level of cricoid cartilage in neck
ends: below sternal angle into right and left main bronchi
Where does the trachea split into bronchi
In the mediastinum, at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra, the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi.
slow and regular (<12)
bradypnea
rate and depth irregular
hypoventiliation
rapid and shallow >20
tachypnea
speeding up and slowing down with periods of apnea
cheyne-strokes
irregular depth and rate with periods of apnea
biots
deep-low, normal, or fast
Kussmaul’s
what is resonance?
normal sounds percussed over air filled peripheral lung fields
fremitus
palpable vibration
serous
clear, amber, thin and watery
fibrinous
cloudy and thin, with strands of fibrin
serosanguineous
reddish, thin and watery
sanguineous
reddish, thin and watery
seropurulent
yellow or tan, cloudy and thick
purulent
opque, milky
hemopurulent
reddish, milky and viscous
homorrhagic
red, thick
confluent
joining or running together
discrete
made up of separated parts or characterized by lesions
zosteriform
resembling herpes zoster
lichenification
thickening of epidermis
caused by chronic rubbing and scratching
flexion
chin to chest - norm about 45
extension
chin to ceiling 55
rotation
chin to shoulder 70
lateral
ear to shoulder 40
purpuric lesions include:
petechiae and purpura
petechiae
tiny hemorrhage from capillaries
ecchymosis
bleeding into skin
hematoma
bleeding into skin but raised
purpura
tiny hemorrhages from capillaries and bleeding into skin
Petechiae and ecchymosis
The aging adult
- elasticity: loses elasticity: skin fold and sags
- sweat and sebaceous glands: decrease in number and function, leaving skin dry
- senile purpura - discoloration
- skin breakdown
- hair matrix: functioning melanocytes decrease leading to gray fine hair
Paronychia
inflammation of skin around the nail
What’s the hair like for graves disease?
fine, thin hair
What’s the hair like for hypothyroidism?
coarse, dry, brittle hair
Cachexia
wasting away
abnormal systolic sounds:
- ejection click: high pitched sounds
- aortic prosthetic valve sounds
- mid-systolic click
abnormal diastolic sounds
- Opening snap
- mitral prosthetic valve sound
- third heart sound
- fourth heart sound
- pericardiac friction rub
what is the strongest risk factor associted with PAD?
smoking
- affects blacks
highest risk is non-hispanic blacks
What age does AHA recommend for u to screen for PAD?
70
50-69 if u have history of smoking or diabetes
what are lymph nodes?
small bean-shaped structure that is part of the body’s immune system. They filter substances that travel through the lymphatic fluid
peripheral vascular disease has what symptoms?
Arms: - raynaud phenomenon - lymphedema Legs: - arterial-ischemic ulcer - venous ulcer - superficial varicose veins - deep vein thrombophlebitis
- aneurysms
- occlusions
ulcers due to inadequate blood flow:
- arterial ischemic ulcer
- venous stasis ulcer
