exam 2 (02/19,21,24)

Question 1

What is a solution?

Answer 1

A homozygous mixture of two or more substances

A solution typically consists of a solvent and one or more solutes.

Question 2

What is a solvent?

Answer 2

Component of a solution that is present in the greatest amount

The solvent is usually a liquid, such as water.

Question 3

What is a solute?

Answer 3

Any component in a solution other than the solvent; a solution may contain one or more solutes

Solutes can be solid, liquid, or gas.

Question 4

What is the formation of a solution considered?

Answer 4

Physical

This indicates that the process does not involve a chemical change.

Question 5

How do ionic compounds behave in solution?

Answer 5

Dissociate completely into ions in solution

Ionic compounds are considered strong electrolytes.

Question 6

How do covalent compounds behave in solution?

Answer 6

Don’t dissociate completely into ions in solution

Covalent compounds are typically non-electrolytes.

Question 7

What is a non-electrolyte?

Answer 7

Solution doesn’t conduct electricity

Non-electrolytes do not produce ions in solution.

Question 8

What is a weak electrolyte?

Answer 8

Small fraction of compound ionizes/dissociates

Weak electrolytes conduct electricity poorly.

Question 9

What defines a strong electrolyte?

Answer 9

Completely dissociates; conducts electricity

Strong electrolytes are typically strong acids and bases.

Question 10

What is an acid?

Answer 10

Substance that produces H3O+ or H+ ions when dissolved in H2O

Acids increase the concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.

Question 11

What is an example of a base?

Answer 11

A substance that produces OH- ions when dissolved in H2O

Many bases are ionic compounds and strong electrolytes.

Question 12

What characterizes weak bases?

Answer 12

Do not contain OH- ions but produce them to a small extent in water

Weak bases are considered weak electrolytes.

Question 13

What is hydration?

Answer 13

Ionic substances dissolving in water and the water molecules remove the ions and surround them

This process stabilizes the ions in solution.

Question 14

What is solubility?

Answer 14

The amount of solute that will dissolve in a given quantity of solvent at a specific temperature

Solubility is affected by temperature and pressure.

Question 15

What are precipitation reactions?

Answer 15

Double replacement reaction to form an insoluble product

These reactions often involve the formation of a solid from a solution.

Question 16

What occurs in a double displacement reaction?

Answer 16

Ionic compounds ‘switch’ cation/anion pairs

This is a common type of reaction in ionic compounds.

Question 17

What happens in acid-base reactions (neutralization)?

Answer 17

Acid + base react together to form water

This reaction typically produces a salt as well.

Question 18

What is the dissociation characteristic of strong acids/bases?

Answer 18

100% dissociation or ionization

Strong acids and bases fully ionize in solution.

Question 19

What is the dissociation characteristic of weak acids/bases?

Answer 19

Partially ionized in solution

Weak acids and bases do not fully dissociate.

Question 20

What defines a Brønsted acid?

Answer 20

A proton donor

This definition emphasizes the acid’s role in proton transfer.

Question 21

What is a monoprotic acid?

Answer 21

Each acid molecule has 1 proton to donate

Examples include hydrochloric acid (HCl).

Question 22

What is a polyprotic acid?

Answer 22

Each acid molecule has multiple protons to donate

Sulfuric acid is an example, with two ionization steps.

Question 23

What happens when an acid reacts with a base?

Answer 23

Neutralization occurs

The result is typically water and an ionic salt.

Question 24

What is reduction in a redox reaction?

Answer 24

Gain of electrons

The oxidizing agent gains electrons and is reduced.

Question 25

What is oxidation in a redox reaction?

Answer 25

Loss of electrons ## Footnote The reducing agent loses electrons and is oxidized.

Question 26

What is the combination reaction formula?

Answer 26

X + Y = Z ## Footnote This represents two reactants combining to form one product.

Question 27

What is the decomposition reaction formula?

Answer 27

Z = X + Y ## Footnote This indicates a single compound breaking down into two or more products.

Question 28

What is the single displacement reaction formula?

Answer 28

X + YZ = XZ + Y ## Footnote A more reactive element displaces a less reactive element.

Question 29

What does the half-reactions method do?

Answer 29

Divides a redox reaction into its oxidization and reduction half-reactions ## Footnote This method simplifies the analysis of redox processes.

Question 30

What occurs in a combustion reaction?

Answer 30

Two or more species combine to form a single product ## Footnote Combustion typically involves oxygen and produces energy.

Question 31

What indicates that a metal will be oxidized in a reaction?

Answer 31

When it is more reactive than the metal cation in solution ## Footnote The more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal cation.

Question 32

What does the term 'concentration' refer to?

Answer 32

The quantity of solute present in a given quantity of solution ## Footnote It can be expressed in various units, including molarity.

Question 33

What are the qualitative terms used to describe solutions?

Answer 33

'Concentrated' and 'dilute' ## Footnote These terms describe the relative amounts of solute and solvent.

Question 34

What is molarity?

Answer 34

Moles (n) solute/volume (L) of solution; m = mol solute/LSoln ## Footnote Molarity is a common way to express concentration.

Question 35

What is the dilution formula?

Answer 35

M1V1=M2V2 ## Footnote This formula relates the concentrations and volumes of stock and diluted solutions.

Question 36

What does Beer's law state?

Answer 36

A = ε·b·c ## Footnote A = absorbance, ε = molar absorptivity, b = path length, c = concentration of absorbing species.