exam Flashcards
What does anatomy describe?
Structures of the body, what they are made of, where they are located, associated structures
What is physiology the study of?
Functions of anatomical structures, individual and cooperative functions
What is gross anatomy?
Examines large, visible structures
What are the types of gross anatomy?
- Surface anatomy
- Regional anatomy
- Sectional anatomy
- Systemic anatomy
- Clinical anatomy
- Developmental anatomy
What does microscopic anatomy examine?
Cells and molecules
What is cytology?
Study of cells
What is histology?
Study of tissues
What is the smallest stable unit of matter?
Atom
What is a molecule?
Consists of groups of atoms
What is a cell?
The smallest living unit in the body
What is a tissue?
A group of cells working together
What is an organ?
Made of two or more tissues working together
What is an organ system?
A group of interacting organs
How many organ systems do humans have?
11
What is the anatomical position?
Hands at sides, palms forward
What does ‘supine’ mean?
Lying down, face up
What does ‘prone’ mean?
Lying down, face down
What is homeostasis?
All body systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment
What is negative feedback?
The response of the effector negates the stimulus, bringing the body back into homeostasis
What is positive feedback?
Initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions
What defines an element?
A pure substance composed of atoms of one kind
What are isotopes?
Versions of elements based on mass number
What is the valence shell?
The outermost shell of an atom that determines bonding
What is a molecule?
Two or more atoms joined by strong bonds
What is a compound?
Two or more atoms of different elements joined by strong or weak bonds
What is a decomposition reaction?
Breaks chemical bonds, AB → A + B
What is an enzyme?
A protein catalyst that lowers the activation energy of reactions
What are hydrophilic compounds?
Compounds that interact with water
What are hydrophobic compounds?
Compounds that do not interact with water
What is pH?
The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution
What is the pH of pure water?
7.0
What are the basic elements that proteins contain?
- Carbon (C)
- Hydrogen (H)
- Oxygen (O)
- Nitrogen (N)
What does cell theory state?
Cells are the building blocks of all organisms, all cells come from the division of preexisting cells, cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions
What is the plasma membrane?
Separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid
What is the function of microvilli?
Increase surface area for absorption
What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?
Active in protein and glycoprotein synthesis, folds proteins into secondary and tertiary structures
What are lysosomes?
Enzyme-containing vesicles produced by Golgi apparatus
What is the function of mitochondria?
Take chemical energy from food and convert it into usable energy
What are lysosomes?
Powerful enzyme-containing vesicles produced by the Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes play a crucial role in cellular digestion and recycling.
What do primary lysosomes contain?
Inactive enzymes
Primary lysosomes are formed in the Golgi apparatus and are not yet functional.
How are secondary lysosomes formed?
When primary lysosomes fuse with damaged organelles and enzymes are activated
This process enables the breakdown of cellular waste.
What functions do lysosomes perform?
Destroy bacteria, break down molecules, and recycle damaged organelles
Lysosomes are essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis.
What is the structure of mitochondria?
Smooth outer membrane and inner membrane with numerous folds (cristae)
The cristae increase the surface area for energy production.
What do mitochondria produce?
The energy molecule ATP
ATP is vital for energy transfer within cells.
What is the nucleus in a cell?
The largest organelle and the cell’s control center
The nucleus contains the cell’s genetic material.
What is the nuclear envelope?
A double membrane around the nucleus
It separates the contents of the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
What is the perinuclear space?
The space between the two layers of the nuclear envelope
This space allows for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
What are nuclear pores?
Communication passages in the nuclear envelope
They regulate the transport of molecules in and out of the nucleus.
What is the genetic code?
The chemical language of DNA instructions
It consists of sequences of bases (A, T, C, G).
What is a triplet code?
Three bases = one amino acid
This code is fundamental for protein synthesis.
What is a gene?
DNA instructions for one protein and the functional unit of heredity
Genes are segments of DNA that encode specific traits.
What is cancer?
Abnormal proliferation of cells caused by mutations in genes involved with cell growth
Cancer cells can divide uncontrollably, leading to tumor formation.
What are oncogenes?
Modified genes involved in cell growth that contribute to cancer
Oncogenes can lead to uncontrolled cell division.
What are mutagens?
Agents that cause mutations
They can lead to genetic changes that may result in cancer.
What are carcinogens?
Cancer-causing agents, including many mutagens
Exposure to carcinogens increases the risk of developing cancer.
What is metastasis?
The spread of cancer to other areas
It begins with the invasion of tissues surrounding a tumor.
Fill in the blank: The fluid contents within the inner membrane of mitochondria are called _______.
matrix
The matrix contains enzymes involved in metabolic processes.
