exam Flashcards
preparing for data collection
what is target behavior? / what are we measuring?
read data from last session
prepare materials for current session
determine what program will be run that day (and gather materials needed)
what is continuous measurement?
recording every behavioral occurrence
what are the types of continuous measurement?
frequency
duration
latency
rate
IRT
what is frequency measurement?
counting. how many times did bx occur?
ex: johnny eloped 10 times yesterday. the frequency is 10.
what is duration measurement?
how long that behavior occurs.
ex: johnny cried for 5 minutes. the duration is 5 minutes.
what is latency measurement?
the time between the onset of a stimulus and the start of the response.
ex: i say “sit down”. 4 seconds later the client sits. The latency is 4 seconds.
what is rate measurement?
ratio of counter per observation time or responses per min/hour/session
ex: johnny bangs his head 5 times per hour. (15 times / 3hours) or (frequency over time)
what is IRT measurement?
INTER RESPONSE TIME
the time between the end of one response and the start of another (same) response
ex: 13 seconds passed between two screaming instances
what is discontinuous measurement?
records a sample of behavior during observation
used in classroom settings, with multiple clients, not observing a behavior often, or its happening too much
easier bc does not need to be recorded for whole session
what are the types of discontinuous measurement?
partial interval
whole interval
momentary time sampling
what is partial interval measurement?
did behavior occur at all during the interval? (yes or no)
ex: johnny screamed once during the 30 second interval
what is whole interval measurement?
did behavior occur during the whole interval? (yes or no)
ex: johnny screamed the entire 30 second interval
what is momentary time sampling measurement?
did behavior occur at that particular moment? : usually at the end of time interval (yes or no)
ex: johnny screamed at the exact time that you were taking data
what is permanent product?
tangible item or effects a behavior has on the environment or what is produced as a results of behavior (the result of behavior)
you dont have to observe the behavior, just look at the result and measure that
ex: a client punches wall, the hole in wall is p.p
what is the typical graph that is used? what are the components? and what does it do?
line graph
y axis: behavior that is being measured (ordinate)
x axis: time / sessions (abscissa)
determines the clients progress
what is behavior?
anything an organism does
what are the functions of behavior?
escape/avoidance: gets them out of something they dont want to do
attention
tangible : gain access to item
sensory: feels good / does not feel good
what do we look for when measuring behavior?
observable behavior (what does it look like and what were they doing)
what is the function?
DO NOT BE SUBJECTIVE! BE SPECIFIC!
ex: johnny was aggressive (WRONG) vs johnny hit his brother 5 times (right)
what are preference assessments?
they are not reinforcer assessments, just bc client likes it does not make it a reinforcer
used to determine possible reinforcers (what do they like)
what are the types of preference assessments?
free operant
single stimulus
paired stimulus
multiple stimulus with replacement
multiple stimulus with no replacement
what is a single stimulus preference assessment?
provides one item at a time and recording response/ engagement
what is a paired stimulus preference assessment?
present two items, document how much each item is chosen, and then rank
what is a multiple paired stimulus with and without replacement preference assessment?
present array of items, document which is chosen, with or without replacement
what is a free operant preference assessment?
client has free run of environment, you are just observing and timing engagement with items they choose
what are functional assessments?
help determine the cause and effect between the environment and the behavior
what are the methods of functional assessments?
direct observation
informant / indirect method
what is direct observation method of functional assessments?
observer records abc data
what is indirect/ informant method of functional assessments?
interviews and questionnaires from parent, friend, caregiver
what is functional analysis?
antecedents and consequences are manipulated to understand their effect
what is probing?
asking a client to perform a task to assess whether they can do task or not (determining baseline ability)
identify the components of a written skill acquisition plan
identify skill to be acquired
create a goal to address the skill (ex: 80% accuracy in 3 months)
identify measurement procedures
gather baseline for skill
implement procedures
collect and review data
modify the plan if necessary, and create maintenance plan
how do you prepare for session as required by skill acquisition plan?
read and understand the behavior plan
analyze what has happened in previous sessions
ask supervisor any questions
prepare the environment
implement plan
what does reinforcement do?
it increases behavior
what does punishment do?
it decreases behavior
what is a contingency?
if - then statement
: NOT a bribe. in a bribe the “then” comes first
ex: if you read book, then you get ice cream
what is reinforcement?
a stimulus presented following a response or behavior that will increase or maintain their response
what are the two parts of reinforcement?
unconditioned and conditioned
what is unconditioned reinforcement?
primary reinforcers: no learning history needed
ex: food, water, sleep
what is conditioned reinforcement?
neutral stimuli that becomes a reinforcer through learning
ex: token boards, money
what are the two types of reinforcement?
continuous
intermittent
what is continuous reinforcement?
reinforcement is provided foe each occurrence or behavior
typically used to learn a new behavior
ex: every time a rat presses a lever it gets a pellet
what is intermittent reinforcement?
reinforcement is provided for some occurrences of behavior
typically used to maintain established behavior
ex: the rat must press the lever three times to receive a pellet
what are the schedules of reinforcement?
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Variable Ratio (VR)
Fixed Interval (FI)
Variable Interval (VI)
what is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?
reinforce at a set number of responses
what is a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
reinforce a varying number of responses
what is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?
reinforce a response after a set amount of time
what is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?
reinforce after a varying amount of time
what is discrete trial teaching?
structured learning trial with a clear start (SD), target response (prompt it), and end of trial which is the consequence (reinforcement or error correction)
what is naturalistic teaching?
taking advantage of having naturally occurring learning opportunities as they appear
what is a task analysis?
breaking down complex skills into smaller teachable steps
what is forward chaining?
first step is taught and reinforced, then remaining steps are prompted
what is backwards chaining?
last step is taught and reinforced, then remaining steps are prompted
what is stimulus generalization?
the same behavior occurs across multiple stimuli
ex: child screams when they see a white rat, also screams when they see stuffed animals
what is response generalization?
different behaviors with the same function occur across one stimulus
ex: in the presence of your friend you say “hi”, “whats up” , or wave
what is an antecedent?
what happens before the behavior
can be manipulated
what is a motivating operation?
altering the value of a stimulus (deprivation / satiation)
ex: you have not eaten in 12 hours, food is a more effective reinforcer
what is discriminative stimulus?
cue or stimulus that is present when behavior is reinforced : “the instruction”
signals when reinforcement is available
what is differential reinforcement?
reinforcing desired behaviors and withholding reinforcement for undesired behavior
what are the types of differential reinforcement?
DRI: Differential reinforcement of incompatible behaviors
DRA: Differential reinforcement of alternative behaviors
DRO: Differential reinforcement of other behaviors
what is DRI?
rewards a behavior that cannot happen at the same time as the unwanted behavior
ex: if a child likes to walk around the classroom, you can reward them for staying in their seat
what is DRO?
reinforce absence of problem behavior
ex: client pulls hair. if client does not pull hair for 3 minutes, they are reinforced.
what is DRA?
reinforcing behavior that is alternative to the behavior we want to decrease
ex: client screams the answer, instead of raising hand. they are only reinforced when they raise their hand and does not scream
what is extinction?
reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued
what is extinction burst?
predictable temporary increase in intensity of behavior during extinction
how long is data kept for?
7 years
what is number one role as an rbt?
to implement !!
what are the 7 dimensions of aba?
applied: problems of social importance
behavioral: measurable behavior
analytic: objective demonstration that the procedures caused the effect
technological: interventions are described well enough that they can be implemented by anyone with training and resources.
conceptual systems: specific and identifiable theoretical base rather than being a set of packages or tricks.
effective : interventions produce strong, socially important effects
generality : designed from the outset to operate in new environments and continue after the formal treatments have ended.
