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1
Q

What is materials science?

A

Investigating the relationships between the structures and properties of materials.

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2
Q

What is materials engineering?

A

Designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.

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3
Q

Why is it important to know about materials science and engineering?

A

Materials drive our society and have historically designated early civilizations.

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4
Q

List the historical ages associated with materials development.

A
  • Stone Age
  • Bronze Age
  • Iron Age
  • Silicon Age
  • Polymer Age
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5
Q

What are the requirements for a hip implant?

A
  • Mechanical strength (many cycles)
  • Good lubricity
  • Biocompatibility
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6
Q

What key problems must be overcome for hip implants?

A
  • Fixation agent to hold acetabular cup
  • Cup lubrication material
  • Femoral stem fixing agent must avoid debris
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7
Q

Define structure in materials science.

A

Relates to the arrangement of a material’s internal components.

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8
Q

What are the six categories of properties in materials science?

A
  • Mechanical
  • Electrical
  • Thermal
  • Magnetic
  • Optical
  • Deteriorative
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9
Q

What is processing in materials science?

A

The structure of a material will depend on how it is processed.

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10
Q

How does cooling rate affect the structure of steel?

A

Processing can change structure; structure vs cooling rate is a key relationship.

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11
Q

What are the three types of materials?

A
  • Metals
  • Polymers
  • Ceramics
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12
Q

What are the properties of metals?

A
  • Strong
  • Ductile
  • High thermal and electrical conductivity
  • Opaque, reflective
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13
Q

What defines polymers/plastics?

A
  • Covalent bonding
  • Soft, ductile, low strength, low density
  • Thermal and electrical insulators
  • Optically translucent or transparent
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14
Q

List the characteristics of ceramics.

A
  • Ionic bonding
  • Brittle
  • Glassy
  • Non-conducting (insulators)
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15
Q

What are advanced materials used in high-tech applications?

A
  • Semiconductors
  • Biomaterials
  • Smart materials
  • Nanomaterials
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16
Q

What is the first step in the materials selection process?

A

Determine required properties.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Adding an ‘impurity’ atom to copper _______.

A

increases resistivity.

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18
Q

True or False: Thermal conductivity of copper increases when zinc is added.

A

False

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19
Q

What effect does stress and saltwater have on materials?

A

It causes cracks.

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20
Q

What is the core goal in materials science?

A

Use the right material for the job.

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21
Q

What is the relationship that must be understood in materials science?

A

The relation between properties, structure, and processing.

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22
Q

What is the difference in atomic arrangement between crystalline and noncrystalline solids?

A

Crystalline solids have periodic atomic packing, while noncrystalline solids have no periodic packing.

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23
Q

What are the three common crystal structures found in metals?

A
  • Body-Centered Cubic (BCC) * Face-Centered Cubic (FCC) * Hexagonal Close-Packed (HCP)
24
Q

What is the definition of a unit cell in crystallography?

A

The unit cell is the smallest repetitive volume that contains the complete lattice pattern of a crystal.

25
What is the atomic hard-sphere model?
A model in which atoms (or ions) are thought of as solid spheres having well-defined diameters.
26
What does the term 'lattice' refer to in the context of crystal structures?
A three-dimensional array of points coinciding with atom positions (or sphere centers).
27
How are crystallographic directions and planes named?
Using indices that designate point locations, directions, and planes based on the unit cell.
28
What are the point coordinates for the unit cell center?
a/2, b/2, c/2
29
True or False: Dense, ordered packed structures tend to have higher energies.
False
30
What is the algorithm to determine crystallographic directions?
* Determine coordinates of vector tail and head * Subtract tail from head coordinates * Normalize by lattice parameters * Adjust to smallest integer values * Enclose in square brackets
31
What are Miller indices?
Reciprocals of the axial intercepts for a plane, cleared of fractions and common multiples.
32
What does the notation {hkl} represent?
A family of planes, where all parallel planes have the same Miller indices.
33
Fill in the blank: Crystalline materials have ______ packing.
periodic
34
What is the significance of the right-handed coordinate system in crystallography?
It consists of three axes (x, y, and z) used to designate point locations, directions, and planes.
35
What are the typical bond characteristics in crystalline materials?
* Periodic atomic arrangement * Lower energy states * Defined bond lengths
36
How are Miller indices represented for a plane?
Enclosed in parentheses, e.g., (hkl).
37
What is the process to reduce Miller indices?
* Take reciprocals of intercepts * Reduce to smallest integer values * Enclose in parentheses
38
True or False: All parallel planes have different Miller indices.
False
39
What describes the atomic arrangement in noncrystalline materials?
Atoms have no periodic packing and often have complex structures.
40
What is the typical bond energy in crystalline materials?
Lower than in noncrystalline materials due to dense packing.
41
What is the formula for determining Miller-Bravais coordinates?
* u = 1(2u' - v') * v = 1(2v' - u') * t = -(u + v) * w = w'
42
Fill in the blank: The unit cell defines the crystal structure by virtue of its ______ and atom positions.
geometry
43
What are the coordinates for a unit cell corner?
000
44
What is the relationship between the lattice constants a, b, and c in crystallography?
They define the dimensions of the unit cell.
45
What technique is used to determine crystal structures experimentally?
X-ray diffraction techniques.
46
What does the term 'families of directions' refer to?
Groups of directions that have the same direction indices.
47
What does the notation [uvw] signify?
A direction in crystallography, where u, v, and w are the direction indices.
48
What is the significance of the concept of 'translation' in crystallography?
It refers to integer multiples of lattice constants that indicate identical positions in different unit cells.
49
What are Miller-Bravais Indices?
A notation system used to denote crystallographic planes in hexagonal systems ## Footnote They extend the traditional Miller indices to four indices for better representation of hexagonal lattices.
50
What types of structures can atoms assemble into?
Crystalline or amorphous structures ## Footnote Crystalline structures have a long-range order, while amorphous structures lack this order.
51
How are crystallographic points, directions, and planes specified?
In terms of indexing schemes ## Footnote These schemes provide a systematic way to describe the orientation and arrangement of atoms in a crystal.
52
What are crystallographic directions related to?
Atomic linear densities ## Footnote Atomic linear density is a measure of the number of atoms per unit length along a specific direction.
53
What are crystallographic planes related to?
Planar densities ## Footnote Planar density is the number of atoms per unit area on a specific crystallographic plane.
54
Draw (100) and (111) crystallographic planes for Fe
Illustration required ## Footnote (100) and (111) planes represent specific orientations in the crystal lattice of iron (Fe).
55
True or False: Crystallographic planes are important for understanding material properties.
True ## Footnote The orientation of planes can affect properties like strength, ductility, and electrical conductivity.
56
Fill in the blank: Crystallographic directions and planes are related to _______.
[atomic linear densities and planar densities]

Material Science (1 decks)

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