Exam

Question 1

Evade growth signals

Answer 1

P53 and Rb mutations = loss of cell cycle reg

Question 2

Replicative immortality

Answer 2

Increased telomerase

Question 3

Self sufficent growth signal

Answer 3

Alter receptor, alter environment, alter inteacellular pathways
E.g ras mutation

Question 4

Invasion and metastasis

Answer 4

Detachment by decreased E cadherin
Invasion into extracellular tissues
Intravasation = enter circulation
Extravasation by vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 binding vessel wall
Migration into ECM
Angiogensis by HIf1 and VEGF

Question 5

Evade apoptosis

Answer 5

Decreased caspases

Question 6

Tumour heterogenity

Answer 6

Spatial = difference between tumours based on location
Temporal = difference of tumours over time in same location

Question 7

Tubule formation

Answer 7

Basal cells and epithelial cells at ducts
Loss of basal = epithelial cells in contact with mesenchymal due to loss of basement membrane

Question 8

Grade

Answer 8

How differentiated it is from original tissue
Poor = high grade
Anaplastic is complete loss

Question 9

Stage treatments

Answer 9

S0 = surgery
S1 = surgery and radiation + hormonal
S2 = surgery, radiation,chemo and hormones
S3 = sull mastectomy , chemo and hormonal
S4 = all but surgery