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1
Q

nirvana

A

Extinction, literally means “blowing out”, goal of Buddhism, transformation of body and mind once suffering is eliminated

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2
Q

Marga

A

Noble Eightfold Path: right view, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right intention, right effort, right meditation, right mindfulness, leads to liberation from suffering

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3
Q

upasaka

A

Lay person: worldly, has job and family, Worshipper/follower, Goal: accumulate merit, reduce suffering, can achieve nirvana as result of past karma, follows Pancasila

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4
Q

bodhicitta

A

Enlightened mind, Wisdom and compassion combined to help others and achieve nirvana

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5
Q

bhavacakra

A

wheel of life, six realms: god, asura, hell, human, ghost, animal, centre has the three defilements of rooster, snake, pig, one goes between the realms based on their karma

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6
Q

anatman

A

no soul, no self as self is a constant
and according to the wheel of dharma we are always changing

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7
Q

Ganesha

A

lord of beginnings, remover of obstacles, invoked through visual representation (statues) or orally (chanting/recitations), elephant face, moves around on mouse, Son of Shiva and Parvati, Visual representation indicates powers and abilities of the gods, as well as family and backstories

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8
Q

sarasvati

A

goddess of learning, music, language, repels ignorance - many do it before exams and concerts, Vedic river goddess

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9
Q

Hinduism

A

based off “Sindhu” in Sanskrit to mean ocean, used to name the great river Indus in Tibet (connections to place and geography), 1816 “Hinduism” first used by Rammohun Roy, developed with the spread of Islam to differentiate between Muslims and non-Muslims, Wide range of beliefs and practices of the majority of people of South Asia

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10
Q

orientalism

A

Edward Said 1978, Palestinian Christian scholar critiques how “East/Orient” is configured in scholarship, international relations etc., describes an inert/static place, Decadent, exotic, backwards, traditional, irrational, feminine, to be studied and examined
Contrasts “West” which is viewed as superior and rational by colonial populations, Demonization (need civilizing) and exoticization (use for flair) are both applied as a projection of implication and binaries

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11
Q

Indus Valley Civilization

A

2200-1900 BCE, main city is Harappa, uniform material culture (streets/buildings), domesticated animals, metals (no iron), grain storage, wheeled transport, “great river civilization”, Greeks later named it India

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12
Q

Veda

A

texts brought by the Upanishads, four kinds: Rgveda (earliest hymns, ritual descriptions), Yajurveda (mostly ritual texts), Samaveda (compendium of sung hymns), Atharvaveda (later addition, mixed content of magic, medicine, ritual), Four levels of Veda: Samhitas, Brahmanas, Aranyakas, Upanisads

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13
Q

Upanishads

A

secret philosophical texts learned sitting at the feet of the teacher, emphasis on knowledge in addition to ritual and mythology, Concerned with nature of absolute reality (Brahman) and nature of individual self (atman)

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14
Q

Bhagavad Gita

A

song of the lord, 700 verses at start of war in Mahabharata, 200 BCE-100 CE, appeals to British and Hindu reformers looking for a “bible”, point of debate

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15
Q

agni

A

deified ritual Fire/God of Fire, receives/transports offerings to gods

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16
Q

Moksha

A

Release, escape of the cycle of lifetime of rebirths and deaths

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17
Q

varnashrama-dharma

A

dharma according to one’s social position and stage of life, abstract model for living ideal Brahminical life that changes emphasis according to varna and stage of life, idealized social model for reality

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18
Q

atman

A

Self/soul, what is unchanging, undergoes transformations

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19
Q

purusharthas

A

four goals of Hinduism: dharma, artha, Kama, Moksha, part of sadhana

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20
Q

Samsara

A

rite of passage, life-cycle ritual, “construction/refinement”, karmic dispositions

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21
Q

advaita vedanta

A

radical non-dualism, teachings of Upanishads, stressed liberating power of knowledge (example of rope and snake), by shankara

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22
Q

Krishna

A

friend, ally, counselor to Pandavas, Arjuna’s charioteer during war, incarnation (Avatara) of supreme god Vishnu protecting dharma (to protect righteousness from injustice), teacher of the Bhagavad-Gita

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23
Q

avatara

A

incarnations (Avatara) of supreme god Vishnu protecting dharma and righteousness from injustice e.g. Krishna

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24
Q

karma yoga

A

discipline or path of action, one of the paths of the Bhagavad-Gita, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Ghandi, Nathuram Godse

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25
janna-yoga
discipline or path of knowledge, one of the paths of the Bhagavad-Gita, Shankara, Ramana Maharshi
26
Bhakti-yoga
discipline or path of devotion through action, one of the paths of the Bhagavad-Gita, Jnaneshvar, A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada
27
vishnu
carries lotus – sign of auspiciousness, discus, conch, club, Ten incarnations: fish, turtle, boar, Narasimha (importance of the in-betweens), young boy, Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha, Kalki, minor deity associated with sky/space, took three steps that covered whole universe
28
shiva
lives in mountain of Kalasia in Tibet, Lord of the yogis/Ultimate Reality, married to Parvati, divine figures of connection to nature, usually represented in form of Lingam
29
shakti
devi, Lakshmi/shri, Durga
30
jati/varna
castes, Jati are subcastes, associated with professions
31
Dr. Ambedkar
1891-1956, Indian jurist, social reformer, key architect of Indian Constitution Mahar caste, Dalit Criticized Gandhi, Against Dalit dehumanization imposed by Brahminical hegemony, 1936 publication of Annihilation of Caste Shortly before his death, he led a mass Dalit conversion from Hinduism to Buddhis
32
dalit
Oppressed/downtrodden self-designation of many communities outside four-fold varna hierarchy, Dalit political groups organized after independence, called Untouchables
33
puja
Worship with material religious objects and prayer, ritualized form of devotional worship, ritual of transvaluation producing prasada
34
darshan
"seeing" and being seen by the deity, intimate moment of devotion and grace, prominent eyes on deities within temples, Two kinds of temples: Northern, Southern
35
nirguna and saguna Bhakti
devotion, love directed towards specific deity with form, Saguna: with attributes, embodied, Nirguna: without attributes, beyond qualifications
36
Prasad
divine grace or favor from deity resulting from upacara, means "favour" in two senses: Abstract favor (blessing, knowledge) and Material favor (edible, material token)
37
ramayana
Valmiki Sanskrit – most regarded, 200 BCE – 100 CE, 25k verses, Rama is the divine, Main story: Rama as warrior, Father owes favor requiring Rama sent to exile and half-brother is made king, Sita follows trick deer that Ravana uses to abduct, Sita's purity tested through trial by fire, Reunite Rama and Sita and restores order, narrative tradition in relation to nationalist movements, especially in Ayodhya
38
ramlila
Ramlila, the Audience Experience Ramlila: Rama's play, extended performance tradition, 16th century Old Hindi telling of Ramayana by Tulsidas, Performances throughout India, nightly month-long performances in Ramnagar in Varanasi, Themes: bhakti (devotion), puja (worship), kirtan/bhajan (devotional singing), darshan (seeing), lila (play)
39
raslila
circular dance where Krishna draws women, multiplies himself so every women can dance with him (all devotees have relationship of Radha)
40
ravidas
16th century nirguna poet Camar caste, shoemaker, Dalit, Bhakti and social protest for caste reform, discusses Ram– theistic deity, God in non-specific way, creates utopia, unchallenged
41
mirabai
sixteenth century poet, married to Krishna, famous pre-modern female poet 16th century figure, ideal/exemplary devotee of Krishna
42
kabir
Nirguna poet, 15th century bhakti poet, Weaver caste, likely Muslim, Critical of organized/elite religion, Beloved across Muslim and Hindu religion
43
lakshmi
Iconography: lotus, elephant, beauty, wealth, hand gestures (mudras) of dispensing favor and dispelling fear, peaceful, Connection to Vishhnu and kings: royal protector of dharma to allow for prosperity, Theological interpretation: supreme goddess or spiritual wealth/liberation itself, or an intercessor (intermediary) with Vishnu Major festivals: Diwali (Festival of Lights)
44
durga
Warrior goddess, multiple arms to carry all the weapons of the male gods to battle undefeatable demon, Supremacy over male gods as described within Purajanas (Shakta text)
45
mother India
Geopiety: way of embodying and relating to territory, cartographic abstraction of national identity, Hindu nationalist symbol, Bharat Mata
46
ayodhya
Hindu temple representative of violence towards Muslims, 2000 killed, resulted in riots and large civil unrest with huge disagreement in India
47
swami vivekananda
Modern Vedanta, monistic philosophical Hinduism, Mid-19th century Influence on Hindu ideas on AmericanTranscendentalists Emerson and Thoreau, Formation of Theosophical society publications and events in late 19th century 1893: World's Parliament of Religions, 1863-1902, founding of Vedanta Society
48
narendra modi
Chief minister during Ayodyha dispute, In charge during riots resulting in mass deaths, 2002
49
difference between shiva and shakti
Shiva connects the goddesses, passive element, while Shakti is the energy/power they possess
50
senses, puja and darsana
practices that are deeply embodied and involve all senses, "seeing' in all ways – texture, colour, smell
51
pilgrimage
Tirtha: crossing place/bridge/ford, holy site visited due to its power to carry one across difficulty to desired goal, sometimes have religious readings
52
puja and the elements
bell clears mind, bathing is beginning, water sustains the body, incense penetrates the mind
53
Bhakti, dharma, moksha connection
social engagement in world, liberation, dynamic encompasses core of Hindu religion, traditions emphasizing morally righteous action
54
Alvars
devotees, traditionally 12 devoted to Vishnu, 6th century, creates poetry
55
Krishna livelihood
pastoral life as mischievous child, overwhelming love for him as teen, teacher of bhagavadgita as adult
56
Mahabharata vs ramayana
text vs tradition
57
importance of ramayana tradition
Literary backbone of South Asian culture/art, Central part of Hindu theology/festival schedule, Key part of debates around dharma, ethics, morality, gender, Political narrative, Narrative for social justice movements, Global influence
58
connection between bhaktas and sants
commitment to value of personal experience in religion, family of Bhakti with engagement with others and love for God
59
Hindus in North America
1900's BC with few rights (majority Sikhs), 1960s increased immigration with changing immigration policies, prominence of influential Hindu gurus, 1970's Hindu temples founded
60
four perspectives of hinduism in North America
Swami Vivekananda, Gurus, Construction of temples/community Centres, Yoga as global phenomenon
61

Relg 252 (1 decks)

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