exam Flashcards
what are the CDAA code of ethics
be responsible to patients
be responsible to the public
be responsible to the profession
what happens to dental professionals when they report suspicions of abuse
nothing will hjappen to the dental professional because they are considered to be mandated reporters
what is informed consent
consent given by patient after he or she is informed about all the details of a procedure
functions of the teeth
incisors - cuts food and lingual side is shaped like a shovel to guide food into the mouth
canines- cuts and tears food
premolars - buccal cusps hold food, while lingual cusps grind food
molars - used to chew or grind food
what are the bones of the head
frontal
parietal
sphenoid
ethmoid
temporal
nasal
lacrimal
vomer
mandible
zygomatic
inferior nasal conchae
maxilla
what are the sutures of the head
coronal - connects frontal to parietal
lambdoidal - connects parietal to occipital
sagittal - connects both parietal
squamous - connects parietal to temporal
what are the parts of the tmj
glenoid fossa, articular eminence, condyloid process
what are disorders of the tmj
acute masticatory muscle - muscle inflammation and spasms
articular disc derangement - disc is displaced
extrinisc trauma - dislocation of joint
joint disease - degenerative and inflammatory arthritis
chronic mandibular hypomobility - damage to joint resulting in limited movements
what are the muscles of the face
orbicularis oris, buccinator, mentalis, zygomatic major
what are the muscles of mastication
temporalis, masseter, internal and external pterygoid
what are the muscles of the mouth
mylohyoid, digastric, stylohyoid, geniohyoid
what are the muscles of the soft palate
palatoglossus, palatopharyngeal
what are the salivary glands and the ducts associated with it
parotid gland - attached to stensens duct and is lcoated on the sides of the cheek
submandibular gland. - attached to whartons ducts and is located on the side of the jaw
sublingual gland - atatched to batholins duct and is located under the tongue
what are the sinuses
maillary sinuses - located in the cheeks
frontal sinuses - located on the forehead
ethmoid sinuses - located near the nsoe bridge
sphenoid sinuses - located near the temples
dentinogenesis imperfecta
a hereditary conditions that affects formation of the dentin
fissured tongue
top of the tongue is amrked by deep pits and fissures or grooves which can get irritated when food gets stuck
tori
bony overgrowth
exostoses
bening bony growht projecting outward from the outside surface of the jaw
tetracycline staining
staining of dentition due to treatment with tetracycline during tooth formation
dental fluorosis
mottled enamel - ingestion ofe xcessive fluoride
ulcer
a defect of the mucosa that results in a punched out area (like a crater)
erosion of soft tissue
shallow defect in the mucosa
abscess
a localized collection of pus in an area
cyst
a closed sac that is ligned with epithelium and contains fluid or semisolid material
blisters
filled with a watery fluid
types of bacteria
coccci - spherical bacteria that cause: pharyngeitis, tonsilitis, pneumona
bacilli - rod shaped bacteria that cause: tuberculosis
spirochetes - spiral shaped bacteria that can cause: lyme disease, syphilis
spores
bacteria that is highly resistant
fungi
organisms that lack chlorophyll and can cause candida
viruses
can live and multiply only inside an appropriate host cell, it invades the cell and replicates and destroys host cell
what are the modes of transmission
direct transmission - from one person to another
indirect transmission - from one person to an object, and from object to another person
airborne transmission - spread through droplets of moisture
parenteral transmission - transmission through cuts or punctures
blood-borne transmission - pathogens carried in the blood and transmitted to others
food and water transmission - through contaminated food that has not been cooked properly
fecal-oral transmission - when proper sanitation procedures are not followed
chain of infection
mode of spread
portal of entry
susceptible host
pathogenic agent
reservoir
portal of exit
what is considered for dosages of medications
age of patient
weight
time of day
aptient tolerance
what are analgesics
for relief of acute pain, chronic pain, postop psin
what are antibiotics
can directly kill an infecting organism
why are pre-medications used
prevents the bacterial colonization while undergoing dental treatment
for patients with prosthetic cardiac valves, congenital heart disease
superscription
patients name, address, weight and age
inscription
main body of the prescription that includes drugs name, form, dose and number of tablets
subscription
directions to the pharmacist for information included in the label
signature
instructions for patient on how to take medicine, when ti take it and how much
methods of pre-cleaning
ultrasonic cleaning
- used to loosen and remove debris from insturments and reduces hand injury
methods of disinfection
automated washers - recirculates hot water and detergents to remove organic materials then is automatically dried
methods of steri
steam autoclave - sterilizes by means of steam under pressure
unsaturated chemical vapor - combination of chemical and water vapor
dry heat - heats up air and transfers onto instruments
ethylene oxide - uses ethylene gas
liquid chemical - sterilizes insturments that cannot be put through heat
types of waste
general
hazardous
contamianted
infectious
blood and blood soakes
pathologic
sharps
management of an exposure incident
- document the route of exposure and circumstances
- identify and document the source individual if possible
- request the source individual has their blood tested for hiv
- advise employee to hace their blood tested for hiv
- provide medically indicated prophylactic treatmetn
- provide appropriate counselling
- evaluate reported illnesses
who owns patient records
the dentist
what should be completed when updating patient records
personal information
health and dental hystory, vital signs, medications, med alerts
intra oral and extra oral examination diagnoses
oral hygiene indicies and periodontal notations
diagnostic records
consent forms, financial and insurance information
treatment plan and progress notes
explain the rationale for obtaining and recording vital signs
the dental team is confirming that the patients health status is at a level of wellbeing before the procedure starts
whats the purpose of a visual evaluation
allows the dentist to determine an overall assesment by checking the soft tissues and tooth structures
what is the purpose of a palpation test
uses the fingers and hands to feel the texture and consistency of the hard and soft tissue
whats the purpose of a preliminary impression
used to create an accurate reproduction of the teeth and surrounding tissues
what is the purpose of a final impression
used to produce the exact detail of the teeth and surrounding tissues
what is the purpose of a bite registration
taken by the dentist to produce reproductionof the occlusal relationship of the max and mand teeht when the mouth is occluded
what are components of the xray machine
tubehead
metal housing
tubehead seal
xray tube
transformer
pid
extension arm
control panel
what is quality in relation to xrays
describes the energy or penetrating ability of the xray beam
controlled by kv
what is the quantity in relation to xrays
refers to the number of xrays produced
is measured by ma
what type of changes can exposure radiation do to the human body
cumulative effect - repeated exposure where some tissues are damaged and some can repair some of the damage
acute effect - occurs when a alrge dose of radiation is absorbed in a short period
chronic effect - occurs when small amounts of radiation are absorbed repeatedly over a long period
genetic - damage to genetic cells are passed on to succeeding generations
somatic - xrays can damage somatic tissue but damage from somatic effect is not passed onto future generations
what do periapical images show and rationale for their use
shows the entire totoh from the occlusal surface to the apex
used to diagnose pathologic conditions of the tooth, root and bone
what do bitewings show and rationale for their usr
shows the upper and lower teeth in occlusion
is used to detect interproximal decay, recurrent decay etc
what do panoramic images show and the rationale for their use
allows the dentist to view the entire dentition and related structures in a single image
what pre-exposure information is needed to be said to patient
risks and benefits of radiographic procedures
person who will be exposing rads
number and type of radiographs
consequences of not having the rads
alternative diagnostic aids
what is, signs and symptoms of syncope
caused by an imbalance in the distribution of blood to the brain causing patient to lose consciousness
can be due to:
- stress
- fear
- same position for a long time
- skipping meals
what is posutral hypotension and its signs and symptoms
a level of altered consciousness that may lead to loss of consciousness
occurs due to insufficient blood flow to the brain and can occurs to a patient immediately after sudden change in positioning
what is angina
severe chest pain because the heart msucle is deprived of adequate oxygen
acute myocardial infarction
heart attack
occurs because of insurfficient oxygen supply to muscles of the heart causing damage
cerebrvasculat accident
stroke, due to interruption of blood flow to the brain
hyperventilation
an increase in the frequency of depth of respiration
asthma attack
a pulmonary disorder characterized by attacks of sudden onset during which the patients airways narrow
allergic reaction
altered state of reactivity that occurs in body tissues in response to an antigen
epileptic seixure
a neurologic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures
diabetes mellitus
a metabolic disorder that results from disturbances in the bodys normal insulin mechanism
hyperglycemia - abnormal increase in glucose levels
hypoglycemia - abnormal decrease in glucose levels
nerve innervations of teeth max
anterior superior alveolar nerve - innervates buccal surface of anterior teeth
middle superior alveolar nerve- innervates premolars and mesial of the 6
posterior superior alveolar nerve- innervates distal of the 6 and all molars
infraorbital nerve - innervates anteriors and premolars
nasopalatine - innervates lingual of all anteriors
greater palatine - innervates lingual of premolars and molars
what can cause adverse reactions from anesthetic
injecting into a blood vessel
infected areas - can delay effects of anesthetic
localized and toxic reactions
systemic reactions
temporary numbness
paresthesia
what are the different types of sedation and anesthesia
inhalation sedation
intravenous sedation
general anesthesia
contraindications for administration of sedation and anesthesia
nausea and vertigo
behavioural challenges
chronic pulmonary disorders
cardiac diseases
first trimester
critically ill patients
indications and contraindications of a saliva ejector
indications - preventive procedures, controls saliva accumulation under the dam
contraindications - not powerful enough to remove solid debris
indications of HVE
keeps the mouth free of saliva, blood and debris
retracts the tongue and cheek
reduces bacterial aerosols
classification of cavities
class I - pits and fissures of posterior teeth
class II - proximals of posterior teeth
class III - proximals of incisors and canines
class IV - proximals of incisors and canines and the incisal edge
class V - gingival third of all teeth
class VI - cusp tips
what are the functions and benefits of liners
palced in the deep areas of a cavity prep to provide a barrier between the tooth and resto materials
types of cavity liners
calcium hydroxide
- stimulates production of secondary dentin but cannot be used on enamel
glass ionomer
- releases fluoride and can bond onto enamel and dentin
what are the functions and benefits of bases
designed to provide pulpal defense
there are three types
- protective, insulating and sedative
types of protective bases
placed to protect the pulp before the restoration is placed
polycarboxylate
- can be placed under all types of direct and indirect restos
types of insulating bases
placed in a deep prep to protect the tooth from thermal shock
zinc oxide eugenol
- cannot be used uner composite resin, glass ionomer and other resins
zinc phosphate
- phosphoric acid can be irritating to pulp
types of sedative bases
helps soother a pulp that has been damaged by decay
glass ionomer
- releases fluoride
indications and contraindications of amalgam
indications
- primary and permanent teeth
- used in stess bearing areas
- small to medium sized cavities
- patients commitment to personal hygiene is poor
- moisture control is problematic
contraindications
- esthetics is not important
- history of allergy to mercury
- cost
what is amalgam composed of
alloy powders and silver, tin,copper, zinc and mercury
indications and contraindications of composite resin
indications
- class I-V restorations
- surface defects
- closure of diastema
- estehtic recontouring of teeth
contraindications
- patients with high risk caries
- poor roal hygiene
- heavy occlusal stress
- cost
temp resto materials
irm
what are the side effects which may result from tooth whitening
sensitivity and tissue irritation
what are factors that affect occlusion
developmental causes
environmental causes
acquired causes
trauma
what are the causes of periodontal disease
bacterial plaque
calcium deposits
calculus
what are symptoms of periodontal disease
- red, swollen gingiva
- bleeding gingiva
- loose or separating teeth
- pain and pressure when chewing
- pus around the teeth
describe the caries process
a susceptible tooth and a diet rich in fermentable carbs
