EXAM Flashcards
What is the difference between inductive and deductive
reasoning?
Inductive reasoning uses specific cases to
general idea, while deductive reasoning uses
general premises to specific idea.
What is Modus Ponens also called?
Affirming the antecedent
What is the major premise in this syllogism?
All mammals are warm-blooded. All whales are
mammals. All whales are warm-blooded.
All mammals are warm-blooded
What is a categorical syllogism?
A deductive argument with three categorical
statements.
Which type of categorical syllogism includes universal
negative statements?
celarent
What is the role of the minor premise in a categorical
syllogism?
It provides a specific statement about the
minor term
Identify the structure of this argument:
Major Premise: No A are B.
Minor Premise: Some C are A.
Conclusion: Some C are not B
invalid categorical syllogism
Which standard form uses all universal affirmative
premises and conclusions?
Barbara
What pattern is exhibited in this syllogism:
Major Premise: All philosophers love wisdom.
Minor Premise: All humans are philosophers.
Conclusion: All humans love wisdom.
AAA (Barbara)
In the statement “No A are B. All C are A. Therefore, no
C are B,” which type of categorical syllogism is used?
Celarent
Which component is NOT part of a categorical
syllogism?
hypothetical conclusion
In the Barbara form of categorical syllogisms, which of
the following patterns applies?
AAA
What is a similarity between deductive and inductive
reasoning?
Both involve drawing conclusions from
premises.
How many premises are there in a categorical
syllogism?
Two
What is affirmed in a Modus Ponens argument?
the antecedent
What is denied in a Modus Tollens argument?
the consequent
Which of the following is a valid Modus Ponens
argument?
If it rains, the ground will be wet. It rains.
Therefore, the ground is wet.
What type of reasoning connects multiple “if-then”
statements?
pure hypothetical syllogism
Which of the following is NOT part of a deductive
syllogism?
counterexample
In logic, what is the antecedent of a conditional
statement?
the “if” part of the statement
Which type of hypothetical syllogism uses “If A, then B.
A is true. Therefore, B is true”?
modus ponens
What is the main characteristic of inductive reasoning?
it moves from specific to general
What type of conclusion does inductive reasoning
provide?
Probable and evidence-based
Which of the following is an example of inductive
reasoning?
Every swan I have seen is white. Therefore, all
swans are probably white.
What is causal inference in inductive reasoning?
Inferring a cause-and-effect relationship based
on patterns
What is the main feature of statistical syllogism?
it moves from general to specific
Which is an example of inductive reasoning?
Most of the apples in this basket are red.
Therefore, all the apples in the basket are
probably red.
What type of inductive reasoning is this?
“Every time I drink tea before bed, I sleep well.
Therefore, tea helps me sleep.”
causal inference
What does deductive reasoning move from?
general to specific
What type of reasoning is used here?
“All humans are mortal. Socrates is a human. Therefore,
Socrates is mortal.”
deductive reasoning
