EXAM Flashcards
serve as an element or component that individuals use as a standard towards the achievement of a desired behavior in making judgement about the quality of life or things.
Reference groups
Focused on policies that help the poor by supporting their businesses and access to resources
Pro-Poor Fiscal Policy
What does UDHR stand for?
Universal Declaration of human rights
is a social group to which a person identifies with. He or she may feel loyalty and respect toward the other members of this group. This may include brotherhood or fraternity.
In-group
is about the expected behaviors based on one’s position in society
Social role
A _________ may consist of two or more individuals who do things together with a common goal and interest.
social group
Sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination, are commonly called?
sexism
Different policies are needed to address each case of poverty since it has different dynamics in every community
Differentiated Poverty Reduction Policies
• are influential in a wide range of online platforms used for building social relationships with other people including sharing of political opinions, likes and dislikes, and can even show trending societal issues or personalities
Social Networks
are formed as an assemblage of people who often interact with each other on the basis of a common outlook
concerning behavior and a sense of common identity.
Groups
• provides a standard of measurement
• has a strong impact on how a person thinks and acts as it may serve as guide to a member’s behavior and social norms
Reference Group
Improving farm to market roads as well as decentralization of public services in order to share prosperity among regions and far flung areas
Addressing Regional Inequality
is about economic standing
Social class
are the unintended outcomes
Latent functions
What are the functions of education towards society?
- Social change and control
- Reconstruction of experiences
- Development of social and moral value
- Providing opportunity or equality
is particular form of social inequality.
Social stratification
What are the functions of education towards the individual?
- Development of inborn potentials
- Modifying behavior
- All-around development
- Preparing for the future
- Developing personality
- Helping for adjustability
views society as composed of different groups and interest competing for power and resources.
Conflict perspective
• relate to others only in specific roles and for practical reasons
• helps in fulfilling various types of human needs
• helps various special interests in such fields as sports, dance, music, and others
Secondary Group
is a hereditary endogamous social group in which a person‘s rank and its accompanying rights and obligations are ascribed on the basis of his birth into a particular group.
Caste
gave much emphasis to birth as well as to wealth and possessions
ESTATE
often arises from prejudice and can lead to unequal opportunities and outcomes. It’s the external expression of prejudice through unfair treatment, policies, or practices.
Discrimination
What is the methodology of teaching called?
Pedagogy
is an ideological attitude that involves judging other cultures by the standards and values of one’s own culture, often with a sense of cultural superiority. It can lead to prejudice and misunderstanding of other cultures.
Ethnocentrism
Media movements and advocacies identifying and promoting participation of discriminated groups to various social activities in order to boost their confidence Reduce discrimination through awareness and support for marginalized groups.
Promotive Action
is the movement of social position that started with the parents and was felt by the children. It looks at how a person’s social class or economic status compares to that of their parents or grandparents.
Intergenerational mobility
Bases of Social Stratification
- Power or authority
- Property or wealth
- Prestige or Social Evaluation
It sees society as a competition for limited
resources.
Marxism
reflects the gap between the rich and the poor, where certain people or communities have access to more financial resources, higher-paying jobs, and better opportunities, while others struggle to meet basic needs.
Economic inequality
• may form within our secondary group such as our workmates, group mates, or assembly which functions as a group of people who can connect with each other because of their sense of identity and belongingness
In-group
is structed and hierarchical ranking of
individuals based on their family,
occupation, income, wealth and (social
political) power.
Social Stratification
Social stratification takes different forms depending on the culture and society. It may be based on class, caste, race, ethnicity, or even gender in some societies. The criteria for ranking people differ.
It is in diverse forms
All societies, regardless of time or location, have some form of social stratification. While the criteria and forms may vary, the existence of a ranking system is common to all human
societies.
It is universal
believed that society was composed of individuals in various social classes competing for resources such as food, clothing, shelter, and employment.
Karl Marx
promotes peace and security
United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) enumerated the following points to highlight the importance of education as a human right.
- Everyone has the right to education
- Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedom
- Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their Children
refers to the behavior expected of a person who occupies a particular status
Social role
Believed that society was composed of interdependent and interconnected parts that were put together to keep instability
Emile Durkheim
Focused on helping to reduce income, education, and health-related inequality Ensure programs help the people who need them most
Better Targeting of Social Programs
Characteristics of Social Stratification by?
Melvin M. Tumin
is about prestige and rank in society
Social Status
occurs when resources in a given society are distributed unevenly, typically through norms of allocation, that engender specific patterns along lines of socially defined categories of persons.
Social inequality
refers to economic differences between countries. The economies of the world have developed unevenly historically, such that entire geographical regions were left mired in poverty and disease while others began to reduce poverty and disease on a wholesale basis.
Global Inequality and International Inequality
is an attitude or belief, usually negative, toward a person or group based on preconceived ideas or biases, often without personal experience.
Prejudice
3 Functions of Education
Individual
Society
Nation
states that the purpose of any continual human
action as played in social life as a whole contributed to
social instability.
Alfred Radcliffe-Brown
are institutions which are not owned and controlled by the government. Some of these are either for profit or non-profit and some are for personal investments and financial assistance.
Non-state institutions
Social stratification has significant effects on people’s lives, influencing their access to resources, opportunities, and life outcomes. Those at the top enjoy more privileges, while those at the bottom face restrictions.
it is consequential
is the ability to secure one‘s ends in life, even against opposition
the degree to which one directs, manages, or dominates others
Power or authority
There is a need to identify other inequalities such as health, political and others
Measuring Other Inequalities
Strategies to Reduce inequality by Bonilla
- Pro-Poor Fiscal Policy
- Better Targeting of Social Programs
- Participatory Decision-Making
- Revision of Inequality-Fostering Legislation
- Promotive Action
- Addressing Regional Inequality
- Differentiated Poverty Reduction Policies
- Measuring Other Inequalities
- Program Monitoring and Evaluation
occurs when an individual changes their position within the same social level. There is no change in social class or rank; it is a movement from one position to another of similar status.
horizontal social mobility
Types of Education
Formal
Non-formal
Informal
refers to the level or category where persons have more or less the same socio-economic privileges in society
Social Class
implies social judgment that a status or position is more prestigious and honorable than others; it also includes the fame one attains upon reaching a certain degree of prestige
Prestige or Social Evaluation
noted that social processes had functions.
Robert Merton
• functions as a competitor or rival group that an indivic is opposed to
Out-Group
What are the functions of education towards the nation?
- Inculcating civic and social responsibility
- Training for leadership
- National integration
- Total national development
Social stratification is a product of society rather than natural differences among individuals. The way people are ranked or grouped is based on social structures and institutions rather than innate qualities like intelligence or strength.
It is social
• relatively bigger in size
• commonly found in schools and at the workplace
• members are spread over a vast area
• lacking in intimacy
• indirect; impersonal
• ex: political parties, group associations
Secondary Group
are created because of the need to
establish connection for some reasons like personal, economic, religious, or political interests. These are
groups that include individuals who come into casual connection but who do not have enough sense of belongingness. Examples of these are Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and other social networking sites.
Arayat Holy Child Educational Foundation, Inc.
Social Networks
added that aside from economic inequalities, there were also
inequalities of social structure and political power that caused struggle.
Max Weber
have the lowest status in the society
Lower class
refers to the position of an individual or group within a social structure
Social Status
aims to eradicate
poverty and reduce inequalities and social exclusion
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) -
Change laws that create unfair disadvantages for some groups (laws that neglect domestic labor as productive and essential or social security schemes that have no general access)
Revision of Inequality-Fostering Legislation
is a social group to which a person does not identify with. He or she may feel dislike or hatred toward a member of this group. This may include opponents and rivals of their group.
Out-group
is the unequal distribution of wealth,
income, and economic opportunities
among individuals or groups within a
society.
Economic inequality
is an internal feeling and may or may not lead to discriminatory actions.
Prejudice
Characteristics of Social Stratification by Melvin M. Tumin
- It is Social
- It is ancient
- It is universal
- It is in diverse forms
- it is consequential
- provides humanitarian and
developmental assistance and support to young people
United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
Social Mobility may be hindered by the following factors:
- Educational Attainment
- Childhood poverty with associated psychological and behavioral development
- The family and all the financial and social, and cultural aspects that are formed within it
- Attitudes, expectations and aspirations
- Economic barriers
can be positive or negative and are mental shortcuts that people use, but they often lead to misjudgments about individuals within a group.
Stereotypes
This is an ideological attitude that favors foreign cultures over one’s own, often seeing other cultures as superior. It’s the opposite of ethnocentrism and can lead to a preference for foreign products, values, or practices over local ones.
Xenocentrism
society is a system of interconnected parts that work together in harmony to maintain a state of balance and social equilibrium for the whole.
Functionalist perspective
perspective suggests that our identity or sense of self is shaped by social interaction.
Symbolic Interactionist
fuels social inequality by creating negative attitudes toward certain groups, which can justify or reinforce discriminatory practices and social exclusion.
Prejudice
claimed that just like the different
organs of the body, the various
parts of society worked together
to keep society functioning.
Hebert Spencer
is a not-for-profit organization that is independent from states and international governmental organizations. They are usually funded by donations, but some avoid formal funding altogether and run funded and are run primarily by volunteers.
Non-governmental Organizations
is the movement in the social position that happens within a person‘s lifetime. It looks at how an individual’s social class or economic status changes as they grow older or progress in their career.
Intragenerational mobility
involves a change in social status or class, either upward or downward. This type of mobility can lead to a person moving to a higher (upward mobility) or lower (downward mobility) social class.
vertical social mobility
Determining the impact and progress of a program has a lot of contribution to the improvement of the society’s system
Program Monitoring and Evaluation
had his master to whom he was subjected
the master‘s power over the slave was unlimited
SLAVERY
• smaller in size
• also includes childhood friends and long-lasting intimate relationships
• interaction is direct
• the common bonds are close and intimate
• ex: family, friends, etc.
Primary group
Leads to social inequality and often economic inequality as certain groups may be denied fair treatment in areas like employment, education, and housing.
Discrimination
may happen when social processes have undesirable outcomes for the society
Dysfunction
is a person‘s position depends to a very great extent upon achievement and his ability to use to advantage the inborn characteristics and wealth that he may possess
CLASS
is a cognitive process where people hold oversimplified, generalized beliefs about a group (e.g., “All young people are lazy”).
Stereotyping
It is the result of hierarchical social distinctions between racial and ethnic categories within a society and often established based on characteristics such as skin color and other physical characteristics or an individual’s place of origin or culture.
Racial or Ethnic Inequality
refers to the elite families, who are
the most productive and successful
Upper class
It believes that society is a constitution with interconnected parts organized to attain the biological and sociological needs of individuals in the society.
Structural-Functionalism
All societies arrange their members in terms of
superiority, inferiority and equality.
are the outcomes of a social process that are expected.
manifest functions
is the arrangement of any social group or society into hierarchy positions that are unequal with regard to power property social evaluation, and/or psychic gratification.
Social Stratification
• vital in socialization process
• forms the social nature and ideas of individual (culture, personality, social norms, beliefs, morals and values)
Primary Group
Focused on the voices of the poor and other sectors (farmers, artists etc.) for policy-making Include poor people in making decisions about policies that affect them
Participatory Decision-Making
Sex and gender-based prejudice and discrimination, commonly called sexism, are major contributing factors to social inequality.
Gender inequality
noted that various groups were treated differently based on race, gender, and educational attainment.
Max weber
Social stratification has existed since ancient times and has been part of every civilization. It is not a recent phenomenon, and historical societies, like those in ancient Egypt or India, also practiced forms of social stratification.
It is ancient
refers to the rights over goods and services how much of the resources of society are owned by certain individuals and how much do they gain or earn every time
Property or wealth
is a behavioral action, typically involving unfair or negative treatment of individuals based on their membership in a particular group, such as race, gender, or religion.
Discrimination
refers to their incomes provide a
comfortable lifestyle
Middle class
