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1
Q

triacylglycerols function

A

fats and oils, energy storage

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2
Q

phospholipids and sterols function

A

formation of biological membranes

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3
Q

glycolipids

A

sugar and lipids, cell membranes

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4
Q

lipoproteins

A

associated with cardiovascular disease

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5
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds

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6
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more double bonds

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7
Q

commonly occurring saturated fatty acids

A

laurate-12, myristate-14, palmitate-16, stearate-18, arachidate-20

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8
Q

as saturated chain length increases

A

melting point increases, solubility decreases

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9
Q

carboxylic acids + alcohol

A

ester

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10
Q

carboxylic acid + acid

A

anhydrides

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11
Q

triacylglycerols (TAGs)

A

majority, linking 3 fatty acids to glycerol through ester linkage, very hydrophobic

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12
Q

simple TAGs

A

same fatty acid in all 3 positions

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13
Q

mixed TAGs

A

2-3 different fatty acids

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14
Q

phosphoric acid + alcohol/acid

A

phosphate esters and phosphoanhydrides

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15
Q

glycerophospholipids/phosphoglycerides

A

2 fatty acid tails and 1 polar head, differentiates from TAG and allows them to form lipid bilayers

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16
Q

phosphatidylcholine/lecithin

A

glycerophospholipid, different combinations of fatty acids at R1 and R2

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17
Q

micelle

A

smallest lipid aggregate, units are wedge shaped

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18
Q

bilayer

A

hydrophobic tails too bulky to form micelles

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19
Q

vesicle

A

bilayers folded back onto themselves

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20
Q

analysis of lipids

A

separated on polarity, TLC plate, less polar move further

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21
Q

monosaccharide chemical structure

A
  1. carbonyl group, either aldehyde or ketone
  2. 2 Cs with hydroxyl/alcohol group
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22
Q

aldoses

A

monosaccharide with aldehyde

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23
Q

ketoses

A

monosaccharide with ketone

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24
Q

fischer projection formula

A

vertical bonds project behind, horizontal bonds project out

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25
perspective formula
dashed bonds point away, solid wedge project Infront
26
chiral carbon
carbon bonded to 4 different groups
27
enantiomers
mirror images, identical chemical properties, opposite polarization
28
diastereomers
monosaccharides with more than 1 chiral carbon, different chemical properties
29
D sugar
chiral carbon furthest away from carbonyl group has same configuration as D-glyceraldehyde (OH on right)
30
epimer
identical except for configuration at 1 C, special case of diastereomers
31
sugar with n chiral centers has
2^n stereoisomers, half L half D
32
aldehyde or ketone + alcohol=
hemiacetal or hemiketal, turns into ring
33
anomers
differ in configuration around hemiacetal/hemiketal carbon (alpha down, beta up)
34
mutarotation
solid glucose dissolved in water makes equilibrium mixture of alpha, beta and linear forms
35
pyranose
6 membered cyclized sugar
36
furanose
5 membered cyclized sugar
37
OH groups left in fischer formula
above in haworth
38
reducing sugar
sugar +Cu2+ = red precipitate and Cu+
39
anomeric carbon
only carbon attached to 2 Os, electrophile
40
glycoside
condensation of anomeric carbon with nucleophilic OH (glycosidic) of alcohol or NH (glycosilic) of amine
41
if anomeric carbon has glycosidic bond
sugar becomes nonreducing sugar
42
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond, anomeric carbon and hydroxyl group
43
sucrose
disaccharide of glucose and fructose, non reducing
44
homopolysaccharide
made from single type of sugar monomer
45
heteropolysaccharide
made from 2 or more kinds of sugars
46
DNA
unusual sugar, OH of C2 is replaced with H
47
tautomeric forms of cytosine
isomers that differ by the shift in H atom and a double bond, keto or amino
48
nucleoside and nucleotide
glycosidic bond between C and N, phosphodiester linkage
49
animal fat
high mp, high saturation
50
reducing end
end of a chain with a free anomeric carbon not in glycosidic bond
51
forces stabilizing double helix
hydrophobic effect, hydrogen bonding of base pairs, van der waals
52
gibbs free energy equation
/\G=-nF/\E
53
coenzyme A
cofactor that acts as carrier of acyl (acid) groups, pantothenic acid
54
NAD+,NADP+,FAD+
electron carriers, reduced to conserve energy
55
NAD+
oxidizing agent in catabolic processes
56
NADH
reoxidized via ETC to generate energy
57
NADPH
reducing agent in biosynthesis
58
synthetase
enzyme combines 2 small molecules into larger molecule with ATP energy
59
synthase
does same as synthetase without ATP
60
fatty acids with >12C
transported into mitochondrial matrix via acyl-carnitine transporter in the form off fatty acyl-carnitine esters
61
glucose
highly polar and cannot enter cells by passive diffusion
62
GLUTs
glucose transporters, catalyze glucose import
63
isozymes
2 or more enzymes that catalyze the same rxn but are encoded by different genes
64
gluconeogenesis
liver converts lactate back to glucose
65
alcoholic fermentation
yeast/other microorganisms convert pyruvate to ethanol and CO2 under anaerobic conditions
66
TCA
oxidizes acetyl CoA to CO2, energy released is conserved in cofactors, O2 dependent
67
ETC
energy released from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 synthesizes ATP in mitochondria, pumps H+ from matric to intermembrane space
68
under anaerobic conditions
NADH cannot be oxidized through ETC, switch to using pyruvate to reoxidize, pyruvate reduced to lactate and glycolysis can continue
69
cori cycle
recovery from exercise, gluconeogenesis, glucose returned to muscles to return borrowed glycogen
70
ETC electron carriers
arranged in order of increasing reduction potentials, ending in oxygen, 4 enxymes
71
coenzyme Q/ubiquinone
can accept 1-2 electrons or protons to form semiquinone radical or alcohol ubiquinol, acts as junction between donors and acceptors, can move freely between ETC complexes
72
cytochrome c
soluble protein in mitochondrial intermembrane space, shuttles electrons from complex III to IV, iron atom acts as redox active component and carries 1 e- at a time
72
protons pumped by oxidation of NADH
10
73
protons pumped by oxidation of FADH2
6
74
proton motive force components
1. chemical potential E, due to difference in conc of H+ 2. electrical potential E, due to separation of charges
75
chemiosmotic theory
peter mitchell, energy from electrochemical gradient used for generation of ATP
76
dinitrophenol (DNP)
chemical uncoupler, when added to mitochondria ATP production ceases but ETC continues
77
mitochondrial ATP synthase/ATPase
F1- peripheral membrane protein Fo - integral membrane protein

Biochemistry (2 decks)

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