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Biochemistry > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

triacylglycerols function

A

fats and oils, energy storage

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2
Q

phospholipids and sterols function

A

formation of biological membranes

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3
Q

glycolipids

A

sugar and lipids, cell membranes

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4
Q

lipoproteins

A

associated with cardiovascular disease

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5
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds

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6
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

one or more double bonds

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7
Q

commonly occurring saturated fatty acids

A

laurate-12, myristate-14, palmitate-16, stearate-18, arachidate-20

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8
Q

as saturated chain length increases

A

melting point increases, solubility decreases

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9
Q

carboxylic acids + alcohol

A

ester

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10
Q

carboxylic acid + acid

A

anhydrides

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11
Q

triacylglycerols (TAGs)

A

majority, linking 3 fatty acids to glycerol through ester linkage, very hydrophobic

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12
Q

simple TAGs

A

same fatty acid in all 3 positions

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13
Q

mixed TAGs

A

2-3 different fatty acids

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14
Q

phosphoric acid + alcohol/acid

A

phosphate esters and phosphoanhydrides

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15
Q

glycerophospholipids/phosphoglycerides

A

2 fatty acid tails and 1 polar head, differentiates from TAG and allows them to form lipid bilayers

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16
Q

phosphatidylcholine/lecithin

A

glycerophospholipid, different combinations of fatty acids at R1 and R2

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17
Q

micelle

A

smallest lipid aggregate, units are wedge shaped

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18
Q

bilayer

A

hydrophobic tails too bulky to form micelles

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19
Q

vesicle

A

bilayers folded back onto themselves

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20
Q

analysis of lipids

A

separated on polarity, TLC plate, less polar move further

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21
Q

monosaccharide chemical structure

A
  1. carbonyl group, either aldehyde or ketone
  2. 2 Cs with hydroxyl/alcohol group
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22
Q

aldoses

A

monosaccharide with aldehyde

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23
Q

ketoses

A

monosaccharide with ketone

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24
Q

fischer projection formula

A

vertical bonds project behind, horizontal bonds project out

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25
Q

perspective formula

A

dashed bonds point away, solid wedge project Infront

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26
Q

chiral carbon

A

carbon bonded to 4 different groups

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27
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror images, identical chemical properties, opposite polarization

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28
Q

diastereomers

A

monosaccharides with more than 1 chiral carbon, different chemical properties

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29
Q

D sugar

A

chiral carbon furthest away from carbonyl group has same configuration as D-glyceraldehyde (OH on right)

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30
Q

epimer

A

identical except for configuration at 1 C, special case of diastereomers

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31
Q

sugar with n chiral centers has

A

2^n stereoisomers, half L half D

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32
Q

aldehyde or ketone + alcohol=

A

hemiacetal or hemiketal, turns into ring

33
Q

anomers

A

differ in configuration around hemiacetal/hemiketal carbon (alpha down, beta up)

34
Q

mutarotation

A

solid glucose dissolved in water makes equilibrium mixture of alpha, beta and linear forms

35
Q

pyranose

A

6 membered cyclized sugar

36
Q

furanose

A

5 membered cyclized sugar

37
Q

OH groups left in fischer formula

A

above in haworth

38
Q

reducing sugar

A

sugar +Cu2+ = red precipitate and Cu+

39
Q

anomeric carbon

A

only carbon attached to 2 Os, electrophile

40
Q

glycoside

A

condensation of anomeric carbon with nucleophilic OH (glycosidic) of alcohol or NH (glycosilic) of amine

41
Q

if anomeric carbon has glycosidic bond

A

sugar becomes nonreducing sugar

42
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bond, anomeric carbon and hydroxyl group

43
Q

sucrose

A

disaccharide of glucose and fructose, non reducing

44
Q

homopolysaccharide

A

made from single type of sugar monomer

45
Q

heteropolysaccharide

A

made from 2 or more kinds of sugars

46
Q

DNA

A

unusual sugar, OH of C2 is replaced with H

47
Q

tautomeric forms of cytosine

A

isomers that differ by the shift in H atom and a double bond, keto or amino

48
Q

nucleoside and nucleotide

A

glycosidic bond between C and N, phosphodiester linkage

49
Q

animal fat

A

high mp, high saturation

50
Q

reducing end

A

end of a chain with a free anomeric carbon not in glycosidic bond

51
Q

forces stabilizing double helix

A

hydrophobic effect, hydrogen bonding of base pairs, van der waals

52
Q

gibbs free energy equation

A

/\G=-nF/\E

53
Q

coenzyme A

A

cofactor that acts as carrier of acyl (acid) groups, pantothenic acid

54
Q

NAD+,NADP+,FAD+

A

electron carriers, reduced to conserve energy

55
Q

NAD+

A

oxidizing agent in catabolic processes

56
Q

NADH

A

reoxidized via ETC to generate energy

57
Q

NADPH

A

reducing agent in biosynthesis

58
Q

synthetase

A

enzyme combines 2 small molecules into larger molecule with ATP energy

59
Q

synthase

A

does same as synthetase without ATP

60
Q

fatty acids with >12C

A

transported into mitochondrial matrix via acyl-carnitine transporter in the form off fatty acyl-carnitine esters

61
Q

glucose

A

highly polar and cannot enter cells by passive diffusion

62
Q

GLUTs

A

glucose transporters, catalyze glucose import

63
Q

isozymes

A

2 or more enzymes that catalyze the same rxn but are encoded by different genes

64
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

liver converts lactate back to glucose

65
Q

alcoholic fermentation

A

yeast/other microorganisms convert pyruvate to ethanol and CO2 under anaerobic conditions

66
Q

TCA

A

oxidizes acetyl CoA to CO2, energy released is conserved in cofactors, O2 dependent

67
Q

ETC

A

energy released from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 synthesizes ATP in mitochondria, pumps H+ from matric to intermembrane space

68
Q

under anaerobic conditions

A

NADH cannot be oxidized through ETC, switch to using pyruvate to reoxidize, pyruvate reduced to lactate and glycolysis can continue

69
Q

cori cycle

A

recovery from exercise, gluconeogenesis, glucose returned to muscles to return borrowed glycogen

70
Q

ETC electron carriers

A

arranged in order of increasing reduction potentials, ending in oxygen, 4 enxymes

71
Q

coenzyme Q/ubiquinone

A

can accept 1-2 electrons or protons to form semiquinone radical or alcohol ubiquinol, acts as junction between donors and acceptors, can move freely between ETC complexes

72
Q

cytochrome c

A

soluble protein in mitochondrial intermembrane space, shuttles electrons from complex III to IV, iron atom acts as redox active component and carries 1 e- at a time

72
Q

protons pumped by oxidation of NADH

A

10

73
Q

protons pumped by oxidation of FADH2

A

6

74
Q

proton motive force components

A
  1. chemical potential E, due to difference in conc of H+
  2. electrical potential E, due to separation of charges
75
Q

chemiosmotic theory

A

peter mitchell, energy from electrochemical gradient used for generation of ATP

76
Q

dinitrophenol (DNP)

A

chemical uncoupler, when added to mitochondria ATP production ceases but ETC continues

77
Q

mitochondrial ATP synthase/ATPase

A

F1- peripheral membrane protein
Fo - integral membrane protein

Biochemistry (2 decks)

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