Exam Flashcards
Jean Piaget
Made the stages of Childhood/Cognitive Development
Strongly constructivist-emphasized hands-on learning and discovery
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of Needs (Physiological, Safety, Love and Belonging, Esteem and Self-Actualization)
Constructivist because of his emphasis that individuals actively construct their own understanding of the world by striving to fulfill a hierarchy of needs
Howard Gardner
Focus was on Multiple Intelligences or different learning styles
(Verbal-Linguistic, Mathematical-Logical, Musical, Visual-Spatial, Bodily-Kinesthetic, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Naturalist)
Constructivist-encouraged differentiated and personalized instruction
Jerome Bruner
Bruner’s theory of cognitive: Enactive, Iconic, and Symbolic
Constructivist-emphasized building knowledge through experiences
Lev Vygotsky
Was known for Zone of Proximal Development (The More Knowledgeable Other) and Sociocultural Pedagogy (Students learn from and through their environments and personal interactions
Strongly constructivist-stressed social interaction and scaffolding
Burrhus Frederick Skinner
Skinner’s theory was Behaviorism.
People do things because they are outwardly motivated to do so
Traditionalist-focused on external stimuli rather than internal processes
John Dewey
Was interested in diversity and how different people groups learn.
1. Level of engagement
2. Prior Knowledge
3. Environment in which something takes place
Constructivist-emphasized real world experiences and critical thinking
Maria Montessori
Emphasis on student engagement in dynamic ways.
Independence in learning leads to autonomy. The teacher, is only a facilitator
Very constructivist-promoted independence and discovery-based learning
Erik Erikson
Erik Erikson theory was the 8 Psychosocial Stages, each representing a conflict or challenge that needs to be resolved for healthy development.
Constructivist-emphasized social and emotional factors
Madeline Hunter
Madeline Hunter created the Hunter Lesson Plan
More traditional-emphasized structured lesson delivery and direct instruction but can be used with progressive approaches as well
Benjamin Bloom
Famous for Bloom’s Taxonomy, classifying learning objectives into six levels of complexity and specificity
Could go either way, depends on how it is viewed. Possibly more constructivist because of the create aspect of Bloom’s Taxonomy
Linda Darling-Hammond
If students have performance assessments, so should teachers.
Project-based assessment for teachers.
Strongly constructivist-advocated for student-centered, culturally responsive teaching
Traditionalism
Teacher-centric learning. The teacher controls all aspects of disciples, management, learning, and directives. It is prescriptive, controlled, and linear
Constructivism
Students construct their own knowledge/understanding given prompts by the teacher, who is more of a guide and facilitator than a director
Why was there a switch?
Traditionalism worked well when the world needed workers for factories, so it focused on teaching facts in a strict, teacher-led way. Traditionalism was born.
But as the world changed (with new technology and more complex jobs), schools needed to teach kids how to think, solve problems, and be creative, which led to a move towards Progressivism/Constructivism.
