Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

health 1st year > exam > Flashcards

exam Flashcards

1
Q

Flossing your teeth does what?

A

reduces homostiten levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

digestion 3 processes

A

digestion
absorption
elimination

occurs in the gastiointestinal tract (GIT)
- organs arranged as a long tube
- inclues stomach and intestines
- sphincters: muscles that control the passage of material from one organ to the next

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

intestines sizes length

A

small ; 20 feet
large: 5 feet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

indigestestion where most absorption occures (where)

A

small intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

low carb diets good or not good?

A

Atkins diet, The Zone, Protein
Power, Scarsdale diet, South
Beach diet, etc

  • What type of diet is it?
  • -lower in kcal
  • -no white products, alcohol, milk
  • -protein content high
  • How does the weight loss occur?
  • -lower in kcal
  • -water wt loss for first 3 weeks
  • -starving for carbs – what % is required again?? 45-65%
  • -brain uses ketones to survive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

macronutients

A

protien 4kcal fat 9 kcal cho 4kcal
alcohol 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

protein poweder

A

not good 2 eggs better

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

eating disorders

A

 Medical illnesses that involve critical disturbances in eating behaviours (Anorexia/Bulimia Nervosa)

 Thought to stem from social, familial / control factors

 Characterized by intense fear of becoming fat

 Binge eating disorder (compulsive overeating)

 “As many as 40 percent of university and college age women are struggling with an eating disorder”

 The main difference between diagnoses is that anorexia
nervosa is a syndrome of self starvation involving significant weight loss of 15 percent or more of ideal body weight, whereas patients with bulimia nervosa are, by definition, at normal weight or above.

 Often begin with a “Diet”
 Complex (Associated with sexual abuse, depression, alcohol and drug abuse, low self-esteem, feeling rejected/bullied, and a drive for control)
 Self-Worth revolving around that scale
 Very difficult to treat with high rate of recurrence – lifelong struggle!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

main function of carbohydrates

A

(provide us with energy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

monosaccharides + examples

A

monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose (levulose), and galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

dissacarides + examples

A

disaccharides (such as sucrose, lactose and maltose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Polysaccharide + example

A

polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

safest sugar substitute

A

splenda or surcelose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what ends in ol

A

sugar alchohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

does drinking apple juice replace real fruit

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

entrinisic and intrinstic self control

A

Intrinsic motivation
Doing something because it’s interesting or enjoyable, or because it’s internally satisfying. For example, someone might be intrinsically motivated to learn something because they want to gain knowledge.

Extrinsic motivation
Doing something to achieve a separate outcome, such as money, praise, or a good grade. For example, someone might be extrinsically motivated to study because they want to get a good grade.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

BMI

A

 Underweight (BMI less than 18.5)
 Healthy weight (BMIs 18.5 to 24.9)
 Overweight (BMIs 25 to 29.9)
 Obese (BMI 30 and over)
 Class 1 obese: 30-34.9
 Class 2 obese: 35-39.9
 Class 3 obese: >40

 15 or more kg overweight at middle
age (30 to 49) reduces life
expectancy by 7 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Extreme weight loss consequences

A

heart damage/ attacks, gastrointestinal problems, shrinkage of internal organs, immune system abnormalities, disorders of the reproductive system, loss of muscle tissue and damage to the nervous system even dealth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

calorie minimuns

A

“Under no circumstances… less than 1200 Calories
for women and 1500 Calories for men.”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Weight loss dilemma

A

yo-yo dieting carries as great health risk as being overweight and remaining overweight

increase risk of heart diease

weight loss without exercise rarely effective or lasting

obese people underestimate energy intake and over estimate energy out put

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

 Seem to fear weight gain more than death
 Diagnostic criteria
 Refusal to maintain body weight over a minimal normal
weight (Less than 85%)
 Intense fear of gaining weight
 Disturbance in perception of body weight, size, etc
 Amenorrhea (Disruption of Menstrual Cycle.
 Life threatening (Irregular Heart beat and Heart stopping)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A
  • Usually healthy looking, well-educated and near recommended body weight

More prevalent than Anorexia.
“One in five Canadian college women”
* Insecure, lack self-confidence, low self-esteem

 Diagnostic criteria
 Recurrent episodes of binge eating
 Vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, enemas, fasting, exercising.
 Self evaluation based on body shape/weight
 Cycle of relief and satisfaction from eating then guilt, shame, fear of weight gain leads to purging
 Life threatening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Binge Eating Disorder (BED

A

Most common eating disorder
 Characterized by uncontrollable episodes of excessive eating in relatively
short time
 Most are overweight or obese
 Causes are unknown (Depression, anger, sadness, boredom, worry)
“Swallowing my feelings”
 Typically no purging. Very emotionally painful. Shame and embarrassment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Orthorexia

A

 Not a formally diagnosable disorder at this time.

 Characterized by compulsively checking ingredient lists and nutrition labels, concern over what your eatin, obsessively cutting out food groups, only eating a narrow range of food, spending hours daily thinking about food, showing high levels of distress when what you consider “safe” or “healthy” foods are unavailable.

 Outcome; MALNUTRITION

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Energy Balancing equation
RMR = 60-70% TEF 5-10% PA 15-30% Kcal in = kcall out = stable wt, however childhood obesity exercise patterns, cortisol levels and possibly genetics may also determine weight loss or gain
26
estimated energy requirement (EER)
- resting metabolic rate (RMR) 60 to 70% - thermic effect of processing food (TEF) 5-10% - physical activity (PA) 15 - 30 %
27
Lowering the Setpoint
Lean body mass increases metabolism. Loss weakens organs (heart) and muscles As people age, they slow down, which leads to less lean body mass which lowers metabolism
28
How long does a habit take to form?
50-60 days partial habit 25 days
29
Exercise and Weight Loss
Research shows exercise and diet lead to greater weight loss  Vital to maintaining weight loss  Combination of Aerobic and Strength training work best to lose weight  Aerobic activity best offsets the setpoint and burns Calories  Strength training crucial to maintaining lean body mass and increasing metabolic rate
30
intensity of Exercise (Walking or Jogging)
low: burns more cal from fat high: burns more gluecose but more averal cal so fat loss is higher
31
health weight gain
500 extra calories with protein strength training weight gain by over eating only increases fat and no effect on lean content
32
strength training
protein/carb 1 hour before carbs critical in building muscle by inreasing blood insulin and growth hormone levels. 3-1 carb/protein ratio is best post workout snack within first 6 hours
33
weight loss myths
spot reducing cellulite rubberied sweat suits, stem baths (only water loss
34
Sensible Weight Loss
moniter daily caloric intake and exerise gradualy increase activit make wise food choices establish neg caloric intake (determine estimated energy requirment, determine averge # cal burned, determine energy required with extersise to maintain or lose weight)
35
when is the best time to eat to lose weight
early in the day
36
is lying down after eating good for sensible weight loss
no
37
*Sometimes you may have an appetite even though you are not hungry?
yes, cravings appetite)
38
*Your stomach is the primary organ responsible for telling you when you are hungry?
yes
39
*The entire process of digestion and absorption of one meal takes about 24 hours?
no, 2 - 5 days
40
*Most ulcers result from a type of infection?
infection of the stomach by bacteria called Helicobacter pylori (H pylori).
41
*Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a rare disease that mostly affects older people?
false before 40
42
food provides
energy fro body processes heat for body building bocks for gorwth and maintenance of body tissues
43
why do we want to eat
food is connected to taste **appetite: **cravings **hunger: **body (physiological senseation) that prompts us **satiety:** the feeling of being full **Hormones:** chemicals produced in specialized glands that travel in the bloodstream to target organs in other parts of the body - some hormones stimulate food intake - produce feeling of hunger
44
signal that make us want to eat
- nerve receptors in stomach send signals to brain to indicate if stomach is full or empty - blood glucose levels trigger the release of hormones called insulin and glucagon - the **hypo thalamus** region of the brain recieves signals
45
What happens after eating
Carbohydrates, proteins, fats and vitamins are usually very large molecules. The goals of digestion: * Break these large molecules down to smaller molecules * Absorb the smaller molecules into the cells of the body
46
Digestion
- process of breaking large food down to smaller molecules * includes * **mechanical * digestion: the physical breakdown of food * chemical digestion** nzymatic reactions that break down large something
47
DIgestive Process
**The mouth ** * CHo digestion begins with chewing * Amylase in saliva breaks down complex CHO into shorter poly/disacccharides **chewing swallowing ** - food moved through esophagus to stomach by peristaisis - no digestion occurs in the esophagus **esophagus ** - food (bolus) travels down the esophagus by peristalsis (no longer longer have control) * Flap ensures not down trachea * Process stops at top of stomach **stomach ** - extensive mechanical digestion to mix food with gastric juice - chemical digestion of proteins and fats - stomach very acidic enviromnment (HCL/gastric jucies) - alchol and water are absorbed - peristalsis moves food through
48
more about the stomach
gastric juice - hydrochloric acid (HCI) - to denature proteins and activate pepsin - pepsin - enzyme digust protein - gastric lipase - same disgest fat - mucus - protect stomach lining chyme; semi - solid product of mechanical and chemical digestion in the stomach
49
Liver
produces 1-6 cups of bile per day needed for fat breakdown
50
gall bladder
gall bladder stores bile and releases it when needed
51
pancreas
produces many digestive enzymes and produces bicarbonate to neutralize chyme
52
small intestine
chyme is slowly released through the pyloric sphincter to the small intestine intestine itself has enzymes responsible for breaking down poly/disaccharides into monos
53
Absorption of small intestine
taking molecules across a cell membrane and into cells of the body - small amount occurs in stomach (water and alchol) - most absorption of nutriends occurs in the small intestine - **Villi are folds in the lining that are in close contact with nutrient molecules - brush border is composed of microvilli which greatly increase the surface area
54
the blood stream
monosacs, amino acids and fatty acids absorbed in small intestine into blood stream blood takes nutrients to the liver first (uniion Station) all monosaccharides are transformed into glucose and then to all body cells for energy
55
What happens to fats?
after digestion, fats get packaged as lipoproteins and carried in the blood stream by cholesterol
56
Elimination
undigested food components move through a sphincter called the ileocecal valve to the large intestine in large intestine: - bacteria ferment undigested food particles - material is stored 12-24 hours prior to elmination while water and some nutrients are absorbed
57
The Large intestine
minimal digestion and absobtion (some minerals and fats) any remains of digestion excreted by body
58
disorders related to digestions
heart burn GERD reflux disease (persistent heartburn) peptic ulters: gi tract eroded by HCL and pepsin celiac disease - intolerance for gluten wheat rye barley imflammatory bowel disease (IBD) - chrons diease(problems with absorbtion) and Ulcerative colitis affects colon (blood in diarrhea) irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) - function -more common in women then men diarrhea - dehydration - dangerous for children and elderly Constipation - diber water and exercise may prevent
59
Holmes and rahe stress inventory
- famous test rates stress we have endured over the past year and our susceptibility to stress -induced illness - 43 life changes that preclude illness - based on change
60
consequences of high stress
- increased cortisol levels: * learning and memory * lower immune function * increase weight * higher blood sugar * higher cholesterol * heart disease and or stroke
61
symptoms of poor time management
- rushing - inability to make choices/decisions - fatigue/listlessness - constantly missed dealines - no time for rest or relationships - overwhelmed with demands and details
62
Appraising events
- amount of stress associated with an event rather the stress inherent - the event isnt 'stressful' rather it is your appraisal of event yourself and your resources that determin stress realistic versus unrealistic perception makes a big different in assessing ones stress level
63
perception of stress
when something happens we evaluate it - how threating it is? - how we need to deal with the situation - what skills can we use
64
2 types of stress
1. eustress - postive stress - moderate level, can motivate improve performeance and effciency 2. distress - harmful, unpleasent stress - if not controlled can have physical emtional illness or even death
65
Levels of stress
**acute stress:** associated with a single event like a car accident **episodic stress: **a single event not a surprise ex taking test **chronic stress:** occurs regulary - taking care of kids, commuting
66
psychoneuroimmunology
study of the mind, body and immune system related to stress
67
stress in the body starts in the head TRUE OR FALSE
True
68
General Adaption syndrome (ARE)
alarm, resistance, exhaustion
69
type A personality
- ambitious , hard driving, hostile over competitive - higher incidence of coronary artery disease - often learned
70
type B
calm casual relaxed and easy going
71
type c
just as stressed as type A not at higher risk for disease than B commitment confidence, control, enjory work take care of health Less Hostile
72
Anger
- increased heart rate and BP - risk of heat attack, stroke, eczema, digestion, depression, headache TYPE A
73
effective coping strategies 4
- physical aspects - social - environmental - psychological
74
Blood
- RIVER OF LIFE - **connective tissue** - contains living blood cells called plasma - approximately 45% of the blood volume is occupied by erthrocytes, red blood cells *** This percent is known as the______Red blood cells__________. * ____Plasma___ makes up the remaining 55% of blood volume.
75
What is the average blood volume in a health male and female
5.5 liters men 4.5 liters women
76
Is blood heavier or thinner than water? Is blood thicker or thinner than water?
thicker heavier
76
Blood accounts for about _________% of our total body weight?
7-8%
77
The colour of blood varies from scarlet to dull red depending upon _____________________ ______________________________________?
amount of oxygen in molecues in red blood cells
78
Dull red and scarlet red
whether the hemoglobin molecules in the red blood cells are bound with oxygen. The blood in the arteries is bright red in color because it is oxygenated.
79
Erythrocytes (RBCS) RBCs wear out in every _____ days When worn out they are eliminated by organs?
120 days and spleen and liver
80
Anemia
meaning lacking blood decrease in oxygen carrying ability of blood may be the result of 1) nutritional deficiencies 2) bone marrow issues 3) blood loss extra just in case medications, chronic dieases pregenany
81
82
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the are referred to as the pulmonary circuit
to and from the lungs
83
Blood vessels that carry blood to and from all are referred to as the systemic circuit
the body tissues and organs
84
which side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit pump
right
85
ventricles
two make up most of mass of heart the pumps
86
atria
2 receving chambers for blood small thin push blood down to pumps
87
heart anatomy
size of fist weights 250-350mg 2/3 heart lies to the left
88
The normal adult blood volume is about so the entire blood supply passes through the body once each minute
5 liters little over a gallen
89
Smoking a) Doesn’t increase your risk of heart attack b) Doubles your risk of heart attack c) Triples your risk of heart attack d) Makes your breath smell great
c
90
1 year after quitting smoking, your risk of heart disease is decreased by: a) 10% b) 25% c) 40% d) 50% e) Not decreased as all
d
91
Active AND 2nd hand smoke accelerates the rate of arteries become clogged. a) True b) False
True
92
Smoking contains this many chemicals: a) >400 b) >300 c) >200 d) >100
a
93
Smoking contains this many known carcinogens: a) >5 b) >10 c) >20 d) >30
d
94
What is the definition of “drinking in moderation”? 1) 1 drink per day for women and 2 for men? 2) 2 drinks per week for women and men? 3) 2 drinks per day for women and 3 for men? 4) 1 litre vodka per day for women and 2 for men?
a
95
Risk factors you cannot control "nonmodifiable
1. increating age 2. heredity 3. male gender
96
What % of people die from heart disease at age 65 and older? 1) 40% 2) 65% 3) 85% 4) 90%
3
97
African Americans have: a) 2 times the rate of severe HTN as caucasians? b) 3 times the rate of severe HTN as caucasians? c) 4 times the rate of severe HTN as caucasians? d) Have the same rate of severe HTN as caucasians?
a
98
Hypertension – Silent Killer!
Hypertension – Silent Killer! * 1/3 of people with HTN are often unaware that they have the condition – cannot feel their blood pressure rise 1 and 5 adults
99
WHAT IS A HEART ATTACK? * When the blood supply to the heart is slowed or stopped because of a blockage, a heart attack occurs. , the narrowing of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup causes >90% of MIs. The length of time the blood supply is cut off determines the amount of heart damage.
when the blood supply to the heart is slowed or stopped due to a blockage.

health 1st year (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions