exam Flashcards
Evaluate Stratified Sampling
+// Ensures that the sample is highly representative of the populations and therefore not biased as participants are randomly selected from each strata
-// time consuming as need a complete list of the target population
Key features of behavioral perspective
It explains behaviour as being in response to stimuli in the environment. It ignores internal factors as causing behaviour.
key study = B.F Skinner’s study into rats of how to manipulate their behaviour through reward and punishment and operant conditioning
What does random allocation do?
It minimises the differences between groups as every participant has an equal chance of being selected for either condition. Helps to minimise extraneous variables.
Explain how a researcher could use a random sampling procedure to test the effect of sport drinks on performance
- They would first need to obtain a sampling frame. This could be all athletes.
- They would then need to employ a lottery method where all members of the population have an equal chance of being selected.
an example could be getting all athletes from ballarat aged 12-18. this is your population. a lottery method would then be used to determine which participants out of this sampling frame are used to be in the experients to test effect of sport drinks on performance.
What is a Within Subjects Design?
The SAME participants are used in both the experimental and the control group.
What is the difference between pseudoscience and a science?
Pseudoscience don’t follow the scientific method and may produce bias or unreliable results as well as lacking empirical data. Whereas, a science follows the scientific method and contains empirical data.
Explain how neurons communicate with each other
Neurons communicate using electrochemical energy. Electrical component occurs within the neuron is where an electrical impulse in transmitted along the axon.
chemical component is between neurons takes place in the synapse when neurotransmitters are sent from the axon terminals of the pre-synaptic neuron to the dendrites of the postsynaptic neuron. it begins with the synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals store the neurotransmitters and then when an action potential reaches the axon terminal, the vesicles release neurotransmitters into the synapse. these neurotransmitters attach to the receptor sites on the post synaptic dendrite and alter its action (inhibitory and exitatory effect)
Explain contralateral functioning and provide an example
Contralateral functioning refers to opposite sides. For example, it is when the right hemisphere receives sensory info from the LHS of the body and controls movements on LHS of body and vice versa. For example, when raising your right arm up in class to ask a question, it is your left hemisphere controlling that
Functions of each lobe x2
Frontal - speech production, planning, personality
Parietal - spatial awareness, processing info from skin and body
Occipital - shape, colour, perspective
Temporal - memory, language comprehension
Disadvantages of PET scan and CT
PET; Pregnant women are advised not to have a CT scan as there’s a risk of radiation may cause some damage to unborn child
CT; PET scans need 40 seconds rest between 30 second scan thus it may miss rapid changes in brain function
What information does an MRI provide and what are its disadvantage?
It shows structure and structural abnormalities.
Limitation = only shows structure not function, cannot be used on people with internal metallic devices
Two defining characteristics of each stage of sleep
NREM 1 - lasts for 5-10mins, theta waves replace alpha waves, because muscles are relaxing, may experience as jerking sensation where out body seems to spasm - known as a hypnic jerk
NREM 2 - consists of sleep spindles and k-complexes, lasts for about 20 mins, blood pressure and temperature continue to fall
NREM 3 - 20-50% DELTA waves, very difficult to wake up from
NREM 4 - 50%+ delta waves, where sleepwalking and sleeptalking generally occur, muscles are completely relaxed
REM - betalike waves, this is where dreams occur, rapid eye movement, accounts for 20% of sleep
What are the physiological characteristics of REM sleep?
High levels of brain activity, high amount of rapid eye movement, body is in semi paralysis
What are the physiological characteristics of NREM Stage 4 sleep?
Growth hormone release, muscles relaxed, decreased brain function
What are some dyssomnias?
Sleep apnoea, hypersomnia
