exam

Question 1

Happens when some groups of people are left out of the survey sample, so they don’t have a chance to participate.

Answer 1

Undercoverage

Question 2

Happens when people in the sample choose not to respond, even though they were given a chance.

Answer 2

Nonresponse

Question 3

When people give incorrect or misleading answers, often because they want to look good or avoid embarrassment.

Answer 3

Response Bias

Question 4

When the way a question is asked influences the answers. For example, leading or confusing questions can push people to answer in a certain way.

Answer 4

Wording Bias

Question 5

The people or things being studied in an experiment.

Answer 5

Subjects

Question 6

The specific condition or thing applied to the subjects to see its effect.

Answer 6

Treatment

Question 7

The outcome or result that is measured to see the effect of the treatment.

Answer 7

Response

Question 8

The group that does not receive the treatment and is used as a baseline to compare results.

Answer 8

Control Group

Question 9

The group that receives the treatment to test its effect.

Answer 9

Experimental Group

Question 10

Subjects are paired up based on similar traits, and one in each pair gets the treatment while the other doesn’t, helping to compare outcomes more directly.

Answer 10

Matched Pairs

Question 11

Subjects are grouped into “blocks” based on a shared characteristic (like age or gender), then treatments are assigned within each block. This helps ensure groups are similar in important ways.

Answer 11

Stratified/Block Design

Question 12

Deals with outcomes that can take any value within a range (like height or weight).

Answer 12

Continuous

Question 13

Deals with outcomes that are specific, separate values (like the number of students in a class).

Answer 13

Discrete

Question 14

A number that describes something about a sample (a smaller group chosen from the population).

Answer 14

Statistic

Question 15

A number that describes something about an entire population.

Answer 15

Parameter

Question 16

Measures how spread out the values are in a whole population.

Answer 16

Sample Standard Deviation

Question 17

Some subjects receive a fake treatment so the real treatment’s effect can be isolated.

Answer 17

Placebo-Controlled

Question 18

Neither the subjects nor the researchers know who is receiving the treatment, which helps reduce bias.

Answer 18

Double-Blind

Question 19

Subjects are assigned to groups randomly to make sure the groups are similar and unbiased

Answer 19

Randomized