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NUR229 > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

1
Q

comorbidity

A

having more than one illness at the same time (e.g.,
diabetes, congestive heart failure)

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2
Q

durable power of attorney

A

a formal, legally endorsed document that
identifies a proxy decision maker who can make decisions if the signer
becomes incapacitated

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3
Q

geriatric syndromes

A

common conditions found in older adults that
tend to be multifactorial and do not fall under discrete disease
categories; these conditions include falls, delirium, frailty, dizziness,
and urinary incontinence

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4
Q

gerontologic/geriatric nursing

A

the field of nursing that relates to the
assessment, planning, implementation, and evaluation of older adults
in all environments, including acute, intermediate, and skilled care, as
well as within the community

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5
Q

presbycusis

A

decreased ability to hear high-pitched tones that naturally
begins in midlife as a result of irreversible inner ear changes

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6
Q

presbyopia:

A

decrease in visual accommodation that occurs with
advancing age

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7
Q

Lipofuscin

A

As we get older, our cells can accumulate a pigment called lipofuscin, which can show up as brown spots on the skin.

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8
Q

Stiffness in Tissues

A

Proteins in our bodies, like elastin and collagen, start to break down, making our tissues stiffer and less flexible. This can affect how our bodies function and can make us more prone to illnesses.

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9
Q

Blood Cell Changes

A

Aging can also affect the production of red blood cells, leading to a condition called anemia, which makes people feel tired and weak.

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10
Q

Genetic Conditions of againg

A

Genetic Conditions:

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11
Q

The Cardiovascular System and Aging
1)Heart Disease:

A

Heart disease is the most common cause of death for older adults. As people age, their hearts and blood vessels go through changes that can make them less efficient.

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12
Q

Changes in the Heart:

A

–Heart Muscle Changes: The heart muscle can become thicker (this is called myocardial hypertrophy), which can change how well it works.
–Valve Issues: The heart valves can get thicker and stiffer, making it harder for the heart to pump blood.
–Pacemaker Cells: The cells that help control the heartbeat can decrease in number, which can affect how well the heart beats.

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13
Q

T/F: Calcium and fat can build up in the walls of arteries, making it harder for blood to flow. This can lead to higher blood pressure (hypertension) and makes the heart work harder.

A

T

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14
Q

dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

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15
Q

neurologic symptoms in older adults

A

Confusion or changes in how they think

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16
Q

syncope

A

Vague feelings of tiredness, nausea, or fainting

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17
Q
  1. Cardiovascular System (Heart and Blood Vessels)
    What Happens: As we age, the heart may not pump blood as well. This means:
A

It doesn’t respond quickly when we exercise or feel stressed.
It takes longer for the heart to slow down after exercise.
Blood pressure can get higher.

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18
Q
  1. Integumentary System (Skin) changed in older adults
A

What Happens: The skin can become thinner and less elastic, which means:
It might bruise easily and be more sensitive to the sun.
Less natural oil means the skin can get dry.
How You Might Feel: Older adults may notice their skin is wrinkly and dry and that they get hot easily.

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19
Q
  1. Reproductive System (Related to Sex)
    What Happens:
A

For women: The vagina may become less elastic and dry.
For men: There may be a gradual decline in fertility and changes in erections

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20
Q

Changes in the Body as We Age
1. Musculoskeletal System (Bones and Muscles)

A

What Happens: As we get older:
Bones become weaker and less dense.
Muscles lose strength and size.
Joints can get worn down.

How You Might Feel: People may lose height, feel pain in their back or joints, and find it harder to move.

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21
Q

What vitamin can you give a patient to maintain healthy bones and muscles?

A

Vitamin D and calcium

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22
Q

Changes in the Body as We Age
Genitourinary System (Urinary System)

A

What Happens: The bladder and muscles can weaken, leading to:
Difficulty holding urine and frequent trips to the bathroom.
For men, there might be prostate issues; for women, some muscle problems.
How You Might Feel: People might feel like they need to go to the bathroom a lot or have trouble emptying their bladder completely.

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23
Q

Changes in the Body as We Age
Gastrointestinal System (Digestive System)

A

What Happens: The digestive system slows down, which can lead to:
Less thirst and appetite, making it easier to get dehydrated.
Difficulty swallowing and feeling full quickly.
How You Might Feel: People might experience dry mouth, constipation, or tummy aches.

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24
Q

Case Scenario: C.R.’s Dilemma

A

Situation: You’re a nurse in an Alzheimer’s care unit. C.R., an 82-year-old woman with advanced Alzheimer’s, has been declining over the last two months. Her daughter visits regularly, feeding her favorite foods. One evening, C.R.’s son, who hasn’t visited in over two months, arrives and sees his sister feeding their mother. He reacts angrily, recalling that C.R. had an advance directive refusing nutrition and fluids if incapacitated. He insists his sister should stop feeding their mother, citing his role as her proxy decision-maker.

Discussion Points:

Advance Directives: C.R.’s advance directive specifies no artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) if incapacitated.
Proxy Authority: The son, as designated proxy, has the authority to make health care decisions.
Ethical Considerations: While patients with mental capacity can refuse ANH, the situation is complicated when it comes to voluntarily stopping eating and drinking (VSED) through natural means. This can be seen differently than medical interventions like feeding tubes.
Nursing Role: As the nurse, your role includes facilitating communication between family members, ensuring that the son’s wishes as a proxy are respected, and considering the patient’s comfort and well-being.
Key Takeaways
Understand the difference between ANH and VSED.
Respect advance directives and proxy decisions.
Communicate openly with family about ethical dilemmas in care.

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25
Q

How much vitamin D should a nurse give a apteint with osteoperosis

A

600 IU

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26
Q

how much calcium should someone with at risk of osteopetrosis take?

A

1,000-1500 each day to reduce the risk of having

27
Q

T/F: can decrease muscle of the bowl cause constipation?

A

T

28
Q

Orthostatic Hypotension

A

This happens when you stand up too quickly and feel dizzy because your blood pressure drops suddenly.

29
Q

Postprandial Hypotension

A

This is when blood pressure drops after eating a big meal, making you feel tired or faint.

30
Q

What becomes sensitive as you age that interferes with regularizing your blood, which causes that dizziness when you stand up to quickly?

A

Baroreceptors

31
Q

If your patient deals with orthostatic hypotension what should you recommend.

A

Get up slowly

eat smaller meals

avoid strain so try not to push too hard as this can lower blood pressure

be cautiosou with temp. hot showers can drop bp

32
Q

what should older adults be reminded in the hospital ?

A

cough and take deep breaths to keep lungs clear

33
Q

Changes for Women when aging:

A

After menopause, women produce less of certain hormones, which can change how their bodies feel.
Some women might experience dryness or discomfort, but using special lotions can help.

34
Q

Changed for been when aging :

A

Men may notice changes in their bodies too, like their testes becoming less firm. However, they can still produce sperm even when they are older.
As men age, they might have less interest in sex or find it harder to get excited, but this can be influenced by many things, not just age.

35
Q

T/F: As people age, they lose some kidney mass because they have fewer tiny units called nephrons.

A

T

36
Q

Kidney Function in older adults

A

Older adults may filter blood less efficiently and may take longer to balance acids and bases in the body.
Taking certain medicines can affect how well the kidneys work.

37
Q

Prostate Health:

A

For older men, the prostate can become enlarged, making it harder to urinate and leading to some accidents.
This is known as benign prostatic hyperplasia.

38
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

in males this is when the prostate gland enlarges and this causes difficulty urinating

39
Q

WHat happens when older adults dont drink enough fluids ?

A

UTIs happens

40
Q

Older adults need more of what to keep bones strong?

A

calcium and vitamin D

41
Q

Women over 50 should get how much of calcium daily?

A

1200mg; men that are 70 should also aim for this

42
Q

What Affects Sleep?

A

Several things can make it hard to sleep, such as:
Breathing problems
Pain from conditions like arthritis
Going to the bathroom frequently at night
Feelings of sadness or loneliness
Medications

43
Q

Vitamin B12 does what to older adults?

A

keeps brains healthy

44
Q

What is Vascular Dementia?

A

Vascular dementia is the second most common type of dementia and involves a gradual decline in mental function. It can cause problems in specific areas, such as difficulty finding the right words, while other cognitive skills might still be okay.

  1. Causes and Prevention Vascular dementia is often related to heart health issues, like high blood pressure and diabetes. Managing these conditions through a healthy lifestyle can help slow down the decline in cognitive abilities.
45
Q
  1. A nurse who created a sterile field for a patient is adding a sterile solution to the field. What is an appropriate action when performing this task?
    a. Place the bottle cap on the table with the edges down
    b. Hold the bottle inside the edge of the sterile field
    c. Hold the bottle with the label side opposite the palm of the hand
    d. Pour the solution from a height of 4 to 6 in (10 to 15 cm)
A

d

  1. d. To add a sterile solution to a sterile field, the nurse would open the solution container according to directions and place the cap on the table away from the field with the edges up. The nurse would then hold the bottle outside the edge of the sterile field with the label side facing the palm of the hand and prepare to pour from a height of 4 to 6 in (10 to 15 cm).
46
Q

A cardiac surgeon orders cefazolin 1 g IV “on call” to the operating room for a patient scheduled for a
heart valve replacement. The surgery is scheduled for 7:00 am the next morning. What is the rationale
for giving the antibiotic at 6:30 am? The last dose was administered more than 8 hours ago.
A. The cefazolin must be given 60 minutes before the procedure for legal reasons.
B. The cefazolin must be given within 60 minutes before the first skin incision to reach therapeutic
concentrations.
C. The cefazolin trough level will be checked at 6:00 am, which would allow the level to come back
before administration of the “on call” dose.
D. The last dose was administered yesterday

A

b

47
Q

Which of the following classes of cephalosporins have the best activity against gram-positive
organisms?
A. first-generation cephalosporins
B. second-generation cephalosporins
C. third-generation cephalosporins
D. fourth-generation cephalosporins

A

first

48
Q

agglutination:

A

clumping effect occurring when an antibody acts as a
cross-link between two antigens

49
Q

antigen

A

substance that induces the production of antibodies

50
Q

Antigenic Determinant (Epitope):

A

This is a specific spot on a germ (antigen) where an antibody can attach. Think of it like a keyhole for a key!

51
Q

Apoptosis

A

This is how some cells know when it’s time to die. It’s like a cell’s way of saying goodbye when it’s not needed anymore.

52
Q

B Cells:

A

These are special cells in your body that help make antibodies, which are like tiny soldiers that fight off germs.

53
Q

Cellular Immune Response

A

This is when special cells in your body, called T cells, go out and attack germs directly. It’s like having a team of fighters!

54
Q

Cytokines

A

These are proteins that help send messages between cells in your immune system. They’re like text messages that tell other cells what to do.

55
Q

Cytotoxic T Cells:

A

These are a type of T cell that can kill cells infected by viruses. They’re like the SWAT team for your immune system.

56
Q

Helper T Cells

A

These cells help other immune cells do their jobs better, especially B cells. They are like team leaders!

57
Q

Humoral Immune Response

A

This is how your body uses antibodies to fight germs. It’s one of the ways your immune system protects you.

58
Q

Memory Cells

A

These cells remember germs that your body has fought before, so they can respond faster if those germs come back.

59
Q

Natural Killer (NK) Cells:

A

These are special cells that can attack and kill germs and cancer cells without needing to be told what to do.

60
Q

Opsonization

A

This is when antibodies coat a germ to make it easier for immune cells to find and destroy it. It’s like putting a bright sticker on something so you can find it easily.

61
Q

Phagocytic Cells

A

These are cells that can swallow and destroy germs and other bad stuff. They’re like the garbage collectors of your immune system.

62
Q

Stem Cells

A

These are special cells that can grow into many different types of blood cells. They are like the building blocks for your blood.

63
Q

Suppressor T Cells:

A

These cells help calm down the immune response when it’s too strong. They’re like the peacekeepers in your immune system.

64
Q

T Cells

A

These cells are important for helping your body fight off infections, especially by attacking infected cells directly.

NUR229 (4 decks)

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