exam Flashcards
what is hunger
the physiological response to satisfy a need for food
what is appetite
the desire for food even when your not necessarily hungry
what is satiety
a state or feeling of fullness after eating
what is sensory appreciation
the information humans get from their senses about food and how they interpret the information
what is mechanical digestion
the use of physical force like chewing to break down food
what is chemical digestion
the break down of food using chemicals like enzymes and acids
what does the mouth do to digest chemically
salivary glands start the break down of carbs into simple sugars
what does the stomach do to digest chemically
acid in the stomach activates lingual lipase and gastric lipase breaking fats into fatty acids
what does the liver do to digest food both chemically and mechanically
the liver produces bile that mixes with chime in the small intestine making soluble fats
what does the gall bladder to to digest both mechanically and chemically
stores and releases bile into the small intestine
what does the pancreas do to digest (only) chemically
the pancreas secretes enzymes (pancreatic amylase, protease, pancreatic lipase) breaking them down using enzymatic hydrolysis
what does the small intestine do to digest chemically and mechanically
enzymes from the liver, gall bladder, and pancreas are released into the deododum using enzymatic hydrolysis where all nutrients are absorbed into the villi and line the small intestine
what does the large intestine do to digest chemically
gut microbiota breaks down fibre which secretes into faeces
what does the mouth do to digest mechanically
the teeth bite down and break down the food into a bolis
what does the stomach do to digest mechanically
the muscular walls of the stomach contract to churn and further break down the bolis in chime
what does the large intestine do to digest mechanically
faeces are removed from the body using muscle contractions
what is enzymatic hydrolysis
a chemical digestion process that breaks down food such as salivary amylayse
how is fat digested
-lingual lipase is released by saliva but doesnt begin until the stomach
-acid in stomach activate lingual and gastric lipase beginning digestion
-the liver produces bile that mixes with chime into small intestine
-bile is digested fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder and then released into the small intestine
how is fat absorbed
fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed into the villi of the small intestine and mixed with lymphatic fluid, moving around the body in the lymphatic system joining blood circulation as insoluble fats
how is fat utilised
is used for insulation and protection around the vital organs and can be used as a secondary energy source
how are cabs digested
-salivary amylase being the break down of carbs into simple sugars
what is resistant starch
travels undigested to large intestine, feeds good bacteria in the large intestine
found in - chicken, peas, kidney beans
what is soluble fibre
completely broken down by bacteria and has favourable affects on blood cholesterol
found in plant cells like- lentils, barley and oats
what is insoluble fibre
cant be digested is bulky and absorbs water making us feel full without requiring extra calories/ adding weight
found in the plant cell wall like- whole food, nuts and seeds
examples of readily fermented fibre
legumes, leeks, onions
what are probiotics
are live bacteria (like bifido bacteria) and makes it a less inviting place for bad bacteria and enhancing the good bacteria
what are prebiotics
are naturally occurring bacteria that comes from carbs and fibre that cant be digested and feed good bacteria stimulating growth
what is the purpose of the australian guide to healthy eating
-promote and encourage good nutrition and health
-helping to prevent diet and lifestyle related diseases
importance of eating from all 5 food groups
-to achieve and maintain a healthy weight
-enjoy a wide range from the 5 food groups
-limit intake of saturated fats, added sugar and alcohol
-to encourage and support breast feeding
-to care for the preparation and storage of food
what is food intolerance
is a chemical reaction to particular food and isn’t an immune response and isn’t life threatening
examples of food intolerance and there side affects and how to avoid it
gluten intolerance like wheat and oats
lactose intolerance like milk and dairy
side affects- diarrhea, gas, bloating
avoid by- reducing how much is in your diet and by checking all food labels
what is food allergy
an abnormal immunilogical reaction to food caused by a foreign substance (usually protein) and is life threatening
examples of food allergies and their symptoms and how to deal with them
symptoms- hives, rashes, asthma
can deal with it by reading all food labels
what is gluten intolerance or celiac disease
is a disease of the small intestine, the villi becomes inflamed which impacts the absorption of nutrients and when food is undigested and continues to the large intestine it can cause bloating and cramps
what can you substitute instead of gluten
instead of- wheat, rye and oats
you can use- rice, coy and potatos
what is lactose intolerance
inability to digest milk sugars called lactose people with this have insufficient lactate to break down lactose then passing through the colon unchanged causing bloating
what can you substitute instead of lactose
instead of- dairy products
use-soy dairy products and rice milk
what is FODMAP
a group of short chain carbs including fructose, lactose that are poorly absorbed by the small intestine, FODMAPS foods draw water when going through the large intestine, then bacteria uses these short chain carbs as food =s which releases gasses
examples of FODMAPS foods and what to substitute
examples- asparagus, onions and garlic
subs- eggplant, boc choy, orange
what are the 3 principles of research
recognition of credible sources: food experts from around the world, food industry experts, everything carefully referenced
evidence based information: 55,000 pieces of published scientific research, systematic literature review, controlled testing
accurate analysis of data: analysed the 55,000 bits of research and gotten advice from a wide range of experts
what is food citizenship
individuals participating in and making informed choices about issues like sustainability, ethics and health
what is food sovereignty
challenges the controls the food system and food supplied by large corps and return the decision making back to the farmer including the individuals who produce and consume ethically and sustainably
what is ethically conseous food citizens
people becoming better food citizens staring to choose more ethical ways such as: shopping at independent butchers, buying local food and produce, buying organic free range animal friendly products
what are some social factors
educations:
income:
location:
what is individual identity
food has a role at exposing ones identity, the food choices we make become apart of our identity such as being vegetarian or vegan
what are some emotional roles of food
sharing with family: brings people together to share a meal and feel connected
sharing with peers: young people often hangout with friends at fast food places creating connectedness between them and now its become apart of their youth culture
what are some fluffy words
share
connect
bring togther
what are the 3 principles of research (R,E,A)
recognition of credible sources:
-food experts around the world, food industry experts, everything carefully referenced
evidence based information: 55,000 pieces of published scientific research, systematic literature review, controlled testing
accurate analysis of data: analysed the 55,000 bits of research, advice from a range of experts
What is health awareness
selecting minimally processed foods as part of a trend towards clean eating
failure to follow the ADG
Australians of all ages are generally have a poor diet, they don’t eat enough of the 5 food groups and eat to much discretionary foods high in salts, sugars and saturated fats
what are some social and emotional roles for food
-individual identity
-sharing with family
-sharing with the community
how can u boost mental health through food
-fibre in fruit and veg supports a healthy gut environment and contains vitamins and minerals supporting brain health
food influencing mental health, healthy patterns of the 5 food groups
healthy patterns of eating are linked to better mental health and wellbeing there’s no specific diet best for improving mental health, but selecting foods from the 5 food groups aids in positive mental health
how does food link to poor health
- studies have shown those with severe mental illness eat higher amounts of discretionary foods which are high in saturated and trans fats
how does the media play a role in influencing consumers
-packaging and colouring
having brighter colours can make things stand out getting consumers eyes and making it more likely they’ll get it
-cartoon characters
used as marketing towards kids making it more likely to convince parents to buy
what are some personal and social behaviour leading to overconsumption of food
-manufacturing
a lot of manufacturing companies encourage overconsumption by making bigger packaging : eg twin chocolate bars
-sales
can influence consumers to be more likely to buy it when they normally wouldn’t
what is body image
refers to how someone feels and perceives their own body and how you think others see you
what are some affects of positive body image
more likely to eat from the 5 food groups and lead a healthier more balanced lifestyle and have better mental health
what are some affect of negative body image
more likely to adopt a bad eating disorder such as restrictive diets and comfort eating
who are political influences in the food system
manufacturing industries,
advertisement industries,
what are some political influences on the food system
manufacturing industries-
many of these industries primarily produce and sell food and drinks high in fats, salts and sugars leading to more people developing obesity
advertisement industries-
organisations have been pushing governments to review its food and place limits on junk food advertisements to children to reduce bad eating habits
what is brand off kids
a effort to address the issues associated with unhealthy marketing and child obesity, policy brand off our kids, aimed to show concerns that marketing processed foods and drinks to children will lead to worse dietary choice helping to promote children’s health
what is the kilojoule labelling scheme
all produce sold must have the average daily kilojoule intake on the packet giving help to consumers in staying within the daily kj consumption of the average adult making choosing healthier food easier reducing over consumption
what are the 3 key behavioural principles (M,E,R)
modelling- demonstrating healthy eating habits will making it automatic for your kids
exposure- refers to introducing new foods and experience around food helping bring variety in their diets
repetition- after repeated exposure it encourages kids to tr new foods making healthy eating automatic if its consistent
what is consumer activism
consumers have asserted their desire for food sovereignty by challenging the control large corporations have over food supply
eg, leading demand to prevent animal cruelty showing large improvements to change legislation and production of chickens and eggs
how to reduces added salt
-adding more herbs instead
-read food labels
-reduced processed meats
how to reduces added salts
-reduce sugar in coffee
-share deserts
- only have 1 scoop of ice-cream instead of 2
what is a nutrition content claim
a claim about certain nutrients in a food
eg, no added sugar
how to reduces added fats
-increase intake of fruit and veg
-choose lean meats
-trim and excess fats on meats
what is validity of food info
(S,P,C,P,L)
-source
refers to publisher, eg health pro
-purpose
aim of the article (with evidence)
-context
date of publication, within 10 yrs
-presentation
of evidence, method of research and data collection (valid or not)
-language
technical and professional language used
what is a health claim
refers to the relationship between food and health
what is a general lvl health claim
refers to the substance in the food and affect on health function
eg, calcium is good for the bones and teeth
what is a high lvl health claim
substance in a food and its relationship with a disease
eg, high calcium may reduce osteoporosis
what is a health halo affect
an overestimation of how healthy a food is
what are the principles of research (R,E,A)
recognition- experts in the field, peer reviewed, government or education institution
evidence- up to date, well researched, large sample size
accurate- objective analysis, unbiased data, accurate
how to be a good food citizen
by consumers making informed and participating in choices about issues like ethics sustainability and/ or health they can do this by - supporting farmers, reduce food wastage and purchasing fairtrade products
what is food fads
an intense enthusiasm for a particular food (usually short lived)
what are the claims made by weight loss and nutrient companies (C,E,E)
commercial gain- is it about making a profit or effectiveness of products
ethics- is it morally right, is it science based rather then claim based
effectiveness of product- can the product be maintained or is it just a short lived solution
the connection between security, sovereignty and citizenship
by expressing food citizenship this is also demonstrating food sovereignty and both of these are needed to achieve food security
what is fair trade
consumers are becoming aware of the ethical issues such as exploiter labour practices and unpaid workers,
fair trade was made to ensure farmers and workers (particularly in developing countries) are guaranteed a fair wage for their work
the benefits of fair trade
-ensure farmer are paid for their work
-that farmers receive a fair wage to develop economic independence
-prohibiting forced and child labour
