Exam

Question 1

In which reactions does adenosine deaminasa play a role? Explain the enzymatic reaction

Answer 1

Adenosine deaminasa playa a role in the purine metabolism, in the deamination of adenosine and deoxyademosine.

The enzyme catalizes the conversion of them into inosine and deoxyinosine.
Regulation of adenosine levels.

Adenosine+h2o—> inosine + nh3

Question 2

C3 plants

Answer 2

C3 pathway is the krebs cicle, main enzyme is rubisco
Compuesto—> 3 -PGA // 2 phosphoglycolato

Question 3

C4 plants

Answer 3

C4 pathway ( Hatch Slack pathway ) and then Calvin cicle.
Co2 fixed by PEP carboxilasa —> oxalacetato—> malato—> C calvin—> 3 pga

Question 4

Methotrexano coko actua

Answer 4

Inhibe la enzima dihydrofolato reductasa , crucial para la sintesis de tetrahidrofolato, usado en la sintesis de thymidylate y purinas

Question 5

Fluoracil como avtua

Answer 5

Fluorouracil is a pyrimidine analog that interferes with the synthesis of nucleotides. It primarily inhibits the enzyme thymidylate synthase, and it incorporated to the ARN UTP sites.

Fluorouracil (5-FU) is converted to active metabolites that inhibit thymidylate synthase and get incorporated into RNA, disrupting both DNA and RNA synthesis. This mechanism is particularly useful in treating a range of solid tumors.

Question 6

Rough ER

Answer 6

-para secretar fuera de la celula
-para insercion en la membrana
- use within the enomembrane system

Question 7

Proceso proteinas rough er

Answer 7

1. En la translation, theres a signal peptide thats recognized by the SRP
2. SRP+ signal peptide —> it binds to the srp receptor in the ER membrane

3 translocation with translocon , the srp is released and thr ribosome attachts to the translocon
Translation resumes

Question 8

Diphteria toxin

Answer 8

It binds to the hb egf receptor on the surface of cells
It forms and endosome
The catalityc domain now in the citosol inhibits the EF-2 by adp ribosilating it

It inhibits translocation step of protein synthesis on the ribosome, halting the elongation phase of the translation

Question 9

Insulin process

Answer 9

Human insulin is produced via genetic engineering by isolating the insulin gene and inserting it into plasmids, which are then introduced into E. coli or yeast cells. These host cells are cultivated to express the insulin protein, which is then harvested and purified using chromatographic techniques. The insulin chains are correctly folded and assembled, followed by formulation with stabilizers and preservatives. Rigorous quality control ensures the final product is safe and effective for therapeutic use in treating diabetes.