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1
Q

30 Years’ War

A

The 30 Years’ War began in 1618 and ended in 1648, marking a devastating conflict in Europe.

Example sentence: The 30 Years’ War had far-reaching consequences for European politics and religion.

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2
Q

Treaty of Westphalia

A

The Treaty of Westphalia, signed in 1648, ended the 30 Years’ War. It introduced principles of state sovereignty and non-interference in domestic affairs.

Additional information: The Treaty of Westphalia is considered a significant milestone in the development of modern international relations.

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3
Q

Policies

A
  • Reason d’État: Advocated by Cardinal Richelieu, it prioritized state interests over moral considerations.
  • Continental leadership: Napoleon Bonaparte’s strategy to dominate Europe through military conquest.
  • Realpolitik: Otto von Bismarck’s pragmatic approach to politics, focusing on practical rather than ideological considerations.
  • Overwhelming alliances: Bismarck’s tactic of forming strong alliances to isolate adversaries and maintain German dominance.

Example sentence: Realpolitik played a crucial role in shaping Bismarck’s foreign policy.

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4
Q

Great Britain’s Policy

A

Great Britain pursued a ‘Balance of Power’ policy to prevent any single European nation from becoming too powerful, ensuring stability and safeguarding British interests.

Additional information: The Balance of Power policy aimed to maintain a stable equilibrium among European powers.

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5
Q

Vienna Congress (1814-1815)

A

The Vienna Congress, attended by major European powers including Austria, Prussia, Russia, Great Britain, and France, aimed to restore stability in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars.

Additional information: The Vienna Congress reshaped the European political landscape and established a new order after the defeat of Napoleon.

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6
Q

Continental Blockade of England

A

Napoleon’s Continental Blockade aimed to economically isolate and weaken Britain by prohibiting European countries from trading with it.

Example sentence: The Continental Blockade had severe economic consequences for Britain.

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7
Q

Formation of Reichs

A
  • Second Reich: Unified Germany under Kaiser Wilhelm I in 1871, marking a new era of German political unity.
  • Third Reich: Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler from 1933, characterized by totalitarian rule and aggressive expansionism.

Additional information: The concept of Reich denotes a German empire or realm.

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8
Q

Three Emperors’ League

A

The Three Emperors’ League included Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Russia, formed to maintain stability in Europe during the late 19th century.

Additional information: The Three Emperors’ League aimed to prevent conflicts and promote cooperation among major European powers.

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9
Q

Quadruple Alliance (20 November 1815)

A

The Quadruple Alliance of 1815, comprising Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, aimed to contain any resurgence of French expansionism following the Napoleonic Wars.

Additional information: The Quadruple Alliance sought to maintain peace and prevent further conflicts in Europe.

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10
Q

Leaders of Paris Peace Conference (1919)

A

The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 was led by Woodrow Wilson (USA), David Lloyd George (UK), Georges Clemenceau (France), and Vittorio Emanuele Orlando (Italy), shaping the post-World War I order.

Additional information: The leaders of the Paris Peace Conference played crucial roles in negotiating peace terms and establishing a new international order.

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11
Q

Alliances

A
  • Triple Alliance: Pre-World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
  • Entente Alliance: Pre-World War I coalition of France, Russia, and Great Britain, formed to counterbalance the Triple Alliance.

Additional information: The Triple Alliance and Entente Alliance were key military alliances that shaped the geopolitical landscape before World War I.

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12
Q

Conflicts

A
  • Germany – France: Rooted in the Alsace-Lorraine dispute, a territorial rivalry that fueled tensions.
  • Austria – Russia: Competition for influence in the Balkans, a region of strategic importance.
  • Great Britain – Ottoman Empire: Competed for control over key territories and trade routes, especially in the Middle East.

Additional information: These conflicts contributed to the complex web of alliances and tensions leading to World War I.

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13
Q

World War I

A

World War I began in 1914 and ended in 1918, triggered by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and exacerbated by complex alliances and territorial disputes.

Example sentence: The aftermath of World War I reshaped the political map of Europe.

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14
Q

Symbols of Paris Peace Conference

A

The Treaty of Versailles and the establishment of the League of Nations were pivotal outcomes of the Paris Peace Conference, shaping post-war Europe and global governance.

Additional information: The Treaty of Versailles imposed significant penalties on Germany, leading to resentment and economic hardships.

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15
Q

Beginning of World War I

A

World War I began with Austria-Hungary’s ultimatum to Serbia, followed by the mobilization of European powers and the implementation of the Schlieffen Plan by Germany.

Additional information: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand served as a catalyst for the outbreak of World War I.

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16
Q

Hitler’s actions included rearmament, remilitarizing the Rhineland, annexing Austria (Anschluss), and demanding the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, ultimately violating the Treaty of Versailles.

A

Hitler’s actions included rearmament, remilitarizing the Rhineland, annexing Austria (Anschluss), and demanding the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, ultimately violating the Treaty of Versailles.

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17
Q

The Munich Conference of 1938 involved Neville Chamberlain (UK), Edouard Daladier (France), Adolf Hitler (Germany), and Benito Mussolini (Italy).

A

The Munich Conference of 1938 involved Neville Chamberlain (UK), Edouard Daladier (France), Adolf Hitler (Germany), and Benito Mussolini (Italy).

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18
Q

The Maginot Line was a fortified defensive barrier built by France along its border with Germany before World War II to prevent invasion.

A

The Maginot Line was a fortified defensive barrier built by France along its border with Germany before World War II to prevent invasion.

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19
Q

Pact of Locarno (1925)

A

Pact of Locarno (1925): Guaranteed Germany’s western borders with France and Belgium.

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20
Q

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936)

A

Anti-Comintern Pact (1936): Formed by Germany and Japan to oppose communism.

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21
Q

Poland Agreement (1939)

A

Poland Agreement (1939): France and Britain pledged support to Poland against aggression.

22
Q

Tripartite Pact (1940)

A

Tripartite Pact (1940): Signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan, forming the Axis Powers.

23
Q

Appeasement was a policy by Britain and France in the 1930s to avoid conflict with aggressive nations like Nazi Germany by making concessions.

A

Appeasement was a policy by Britain and France in the 1930s to avoid conflict with aggressive nations like Nazi Germany by making concessions.

24
Q

Nazi-Soviet Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)

A

Nazi-Soviet Pact (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact): Signed in 1939, this non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany (Hitler) and the Soviet Union (Stalin) also included secret protocols dividing Eastern Europe.

25
Q

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, prompting the United States to enter World War II.

A

Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, was attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, prompting the United States to enter World War II.

26
Q

Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan by the United States in August 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II.

A

Atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan by the United States in August 1945, leading to Japan’s surrender and the end of World War II.

27
Q

Start in Europe: September 1, 1939, with Germany invading Poland.

A

Start in Europe: September 1, 1939, with Germany invading Poland.

28
Q

Start in Asia: July 7, 1937, with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.

A

Start in Asia: July 7, 1937, with the Marco Polo Bridge Incident.

29
Q

Established in 1945 to promote international peace and cooperation, replacing the League of Nations.

A

Established in 1945 to promote international peace and cooperation, replacing the League of Nations.

30
Q

The Cold War emerged after World War II due to ideological differences and geopolitical tensions, dividing the world into Western and Eastern blocs led by the United States/NATO and the Soviet Union/Warsaw Pact, respectively.

A

The Cold War emerged after World War II due to ideological differences and geopolitical tensions, dividing the world into Western and Eastern blocs led by the United States/NATO and the Soviet Union/Warsaw Pact, respectively.

31
Q

George Kennan advocated for the policy of containment in 1947 to limit Soviet expansionism through political, economic, and military strategies.

A

George Kennan advocated for the policy of containment in 1947 to limit Soviet expansionism through political, economic, and military strategies.

32
Q

Richard M. Nixon and Vietnamization

A

Nixon’s strategy (1969-1973) aimed to gradually withdraw U.S. troops from Vietnam and shift responsibility for combat operations to South Vietnamese forces.

Example: Nixon’s policy was known as ‘Vietnamization’.

33
Q

Famous Speeches in Berlin

A

Notable speeches include President Kennedy’s ‘Ich bin ein Berliner’ (1963), expressing solidarity with West Berlin during the Cold War, and President Reagan’s ‘Tear down this wall!’ (1987), challenging Soviet control over East Germany and the Berlin Wall.

No additional information.

34
Q

Reagan’s Doctrine

A

Reagan’s foreign policy in the 1980s focused on confronting Soviet influence globally, supporting anti-communist movements, and increasing U.S. defense spending to weaken Soviet economic and military capabilities.

No additional information.

35
Q

Berlin Blockade (1948-1949)

A

The Soviet Union’s blockade of West Berlin aimed to starve out Allied forces, countered by the Berlin Airlift (1948-1949), where Western nations supplied West Berlin with necessities via air transport until the blockade was lifted.

No additional information.

36
Q

Construction of the Berlin Wall

A

Erected in 1961 by East Germany to prevent mass emigration to West Berlin, symbolizing Cold War divisions and separating families and friends until its demolition in 1989.

No additional information.

37
Q

Korean War (1950-1953)

A

The Korean War was fought between North Korea (supported by China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (supported by United Nations forces led by the United States), ending in an armistice with Korea remaining divided at the 38th parallel.

No additional information.

38
Q

Cuban Missile Crisis

A

The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) was a tense standoff between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet missile deployment in Cuba, bringing the world to the brink of nuclear war before a negotiated settlement was reached.

No additional information.

39
Q

Civil War in Vietnam

A

The Vietnam War (1955-1975) was fought between communist North Vietnam (supported by the Soviet Union and China) and anti-communist South Vietnam (supported initially by the United States and later by other allies), ending with the fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces.

No additional information.

40
Q

Gulf of Tonkin Incident and War in Vietnam

A

The Gulf of Tonkin Incident (1964) involved alleged attacks on U.S. naval vessels by North Vietnamese forces, leading to congressional authorization for increased U.S. military involvement in Vietnam under President Johnson.

No additional information.

41
Q

Détente

A

Détente (late 1960s to early 1980s) was a period of improved relations and reduced tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, marked by arms control agreements, diplomatic negotiations, and cultural exchanges.

No additional information.

42
Q

Helsinki Accords; OSCE

A

The Helsinki Accords (1975) were agreements among Western and Eastern bloc nations on security, cooperation, and human rights, leading to the establishment of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to promote stability and cooperation in Europe.

No additional information.

43
Q

War in Afghanistan; Soviet Intervention 1979-1989

A

The Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan (1979) to support a communist government, leading to a prolonged conflict against Afghan mujahideen fighters supported by the United States and other countries until Soviet withdrawal in 1989.

No additional information.

44
Q

Leaders Contributing to Ending Cold War - Ronald Reagan; Policy Toward Soviet Union

A

President Reagan’s confrontational approach towards the Soviet Union in the 1980s, including military buildup, economic pressure, and support for anti-communist movements, contributed to the end of the Cold War and Soviet collapse.

No additional information.

45
Q

Leaders Contributing to Ending Cold War - Mikhail Gorbachev; Glasnost and Perestroika

A

Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms in the late 1980s, including openness (Glasnost) and restructuring (Perestroika), aimed at revitalizing the Soviet economy and political system while promoting dialogue and cooperation with the West.

No additional information.

46
Q

Cold War Summits (1985-1989)

A

Cold War summits between U.S. and Soviet leaders, including the Geneva Summit (1985), Reykjavík Summit (1986), Washington Summit (1987), Moscow Summit (1988), and Malta Summit (1989), focused on arms control, bilateral relations, and strategic issues.

No additional information.

47
Q

Berlin Wall and Ronald Reagan; Destruction of Berlin Wall

A

President Reagan’s iconic call in 1987 to ‘Tear down this wall!’ challenged Soviet control over East Germany, symbolizing Cold War tensions, and the Berlin Wall was physically dismantled in 1989, marking the reunification of Germany.

No additional information.

48
Q

Revolutions in Soviet Union

A

Political and economic reforms in the late 1980s under Gorbachev led to the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.

No additional information.

49
Q

After Cold War - U.S. and NATO Foreign Policy Changes; Peacekeeping Operations

A

After the Cold War, U.S. and NATO shifted focus to promoting democracy, economic development, and resolving conflicts globally through diplomatic initiatives and peacekeeping operations, including missions in the Balkans and Afghanistan.

No additional information.

50
Q

What reforms in the late 1980s led to the collapse of communist regimes in Eastern Europe and the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991?

A

Reforms under Gorbachev

Example sentence: The reforms in the late 1980s under Gorbachev led to significant changes in the Soviet Union.

51
Q

What changes did the U.S. and NATO make to their foreign policy after the Cold War?

A

Shifted focus to promoting democracy, economic development, and resolving conflicts globally through diplomatic initiatives and peacekeeping operations

Example sentence: After the Cold War, U.S. and NATO focused on promoting democracy and economic development.

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