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PSYC20008 Dev Psych > Exam > Flashcards

Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Fill in the blanks: stable, fluid

Self-concept is more ______, whereas identity is more ______ across development

A

Self-concept is more fluid, whereas identity is more stable across development

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2
Q

What are the 6 factors related to emotion?

A

Physiological experiences
Neural responses
Cognitions
Motivation to take action
Emotional expressions
Feelings

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3
Q

Most human cells contain __ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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4
Q

What is self-concept?

A

Thoughts and attitudes about one’s physical, social and internal characteristics

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5
Q

At what age do most children show evidence of false belief understanding?

A

Five years of age

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6
Q

What are the four ethical principles that researchers must adhere to?

A

Respect
Justice
Beneficence & Non-Maleficence
Merit & Integrity

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7
Q

What are the five systems in the bioecological approach?

A

Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem

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8
Q

Which of the following is most important for a child’s development?
A. Friends
B. Siblings
C. Both

A

C. Both

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9
Q

Peer groups are one of the ______ forms of relationship

A

Most complex

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10
Q

The Social Learning Theory posits that children learn by…

A

Observing the behaviour of others, observing how others react to those behaviours, and then observing how they (the child) feel about those behaviours

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11
Q

When do infants specialise towards their native language’s phonemes?

A

By around 12 months

Because infants lose ability to hear non-native phonetic contrasts around this time to enhance their speech perception and efficiency in their native language

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12
Q

What is the habituation paradigm?

A

Infants lose interest if presented with the same stimulus repeatedly. Helps to determine whether infants perceive two sounds as the same

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13
Q

Phonemes vs Phones

A

Phonemes
Unit of sound in a language, shortest segment of speech that distinguishes two words

Phones
Any distinct speech sound regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to word meaning

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14
Q

How does using child-directed speech (CDS) affect child language development?

A

It speeds it up

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15
Q

How did Piaget view private speech differently to Vygotsky?

A

Piaget
Considered private speech to be egocentric

Vygotsky
Considered it to be important for self-guidance, helping children regulate behaviour and selecting an action. Argued it was a foundation for more complex cognitive processes

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16
Q

Describe the differences between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theory, with reference to developmental stages, the role of social interaction, the role of language and their approaches to learning

A

Developmental Stages:
Piaget: Four stages with specific age ranges
Vygotsky: Continuous development influenced by social interaction

Role of Social Interaction:
Piaget: Limited role; focus on individual learning
Vygotsky: Central role; learning through interaction with others

Role of Language:
Piaget: Relatively unimportant
Vygotsky: Language drives cognitive development

Learning Approach:
Piaget: Children learn through self-discovery
Vygotsky: Children learn through guided interactions

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17
Q

Features of substage 6 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Enduring mental representation, greater language use and pretend play indicating symbolic thought
  • End of sensorimotor stage
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18
Q

Feature of substage 5 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Activate exploration of potential object uses
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19
Q

Features of substage 4 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Beginning to search for hidden objects
  • Object permanence
  • Fragile mental representation
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20
Q

Features of substage 3 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Actions on objects
  • Repetition of actions that result in pleasurable or interesting outcome
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21
Q

Features of substage 2 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Organise reflexes
  • Integrate actions
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22
Q

Features of substage 1 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Modify reflexes to adapt to environment
  • Centred on own body
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23
Q

What are 5 gross motor milestones and the average age at which they occur?

A

Able to lift head (2 months)
Can sit independently (4 months)
Crawls on hands and knees (8 months)
Pulls to stand (9 months)
Walking (12 months)

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24
Q

Name and explain the three contrasting views on cognitive development

A

Piaget
Cognition comes from child acting on physical world as an autonomous, active individual

Core knowledge
Infants are born with several domain specific core knowledge systems

Vygotsky
Children are active knowledge seekers, but not as solitary agents. Social and cultural context profoundly affects cognitive development

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25
Q

What does the formal operational stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?

A

Focus: Abstract thinking and logical reasoning
Key Feature: Ability to hypothesise and use deductive reasoning

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26
Q

What does the concrete operational stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?

A

Focus: Concrete operations and logical thinking
Key Feature: Conservation and reversibility

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27
Q

What does the pre-operational stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?

A

Focus: Language and symbolic thinking
Key Feature: Egocentrism and animism

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28
Q

What does the sensorimotor stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?

A

Focus: Sensory experiences and motor actions
Key Feature: Object permanence develops

29
Q

What are the four stages of Piaget’s Theory and at what ages do they occur?

A

Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Pre-operational (2-7 years)
Concrete operational (7-11 years)
Formal operational (11+ years)

30
Q

Which of these is correct?
A. Grey matter volume decreases with age
B. Grey matter volume increases with age
C. White matter volume decreases with age
D. White matter volume increases with age

A

A. Grey matter volume decreases with age

31
Q

What is an allele?

A

Inherited in pairs (one from each parent), is a variant of a gene and can be dominant or recessive.
e.g. one allele codes for brown eyes

32
Q

List 3 methods used to investigate the brain

A

fMRI, EEG, PET scan

33
Q

Neural development begins with a process called?

A

Neurogenesis (making new neurons)

34
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

Mitosis: produces 2 identical daughter cells, each with same amount of chromosomes as parent cell

Meiosis: Includes two rounds of division, creating 4 daughter cells, with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell (gametes)

35
Q

In recessive gene type disorders, what is the nature of the genetic risk?

A

It is under the governance of a specific gene

36
Q

Where is Huntington’s disease located in the body and who can it be inherited from

A

It’s located on the Huntington gene on chromosome 4, and can be inherited from either parent

37
Q

What is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein product called?

A

A gene

38
Q

What does the chi-square value (C2) indicate?
X2(5, n = 200) = 12.75, p = .03

A

The amount of variation within the contingency table that is due to the relationship between variables

39
Q

What is theory of mind?

A

The attribution of mental states to oneself and to other people. Understanding how people’s mental states influence behaviour

40
Q

What does each of the four numbers in this equation represent?
X2(5, n = 200) = 12.75, p = .03

A

χ2: Test type
(5): Degrees of freedom (number of categories minus 1)
n=200: Sample size
12.75: Chi-square test statistic
p=.03: P-value indicating statistical significance (less than .05 usually statistically significant)

41
Q

Moderating vs Mediating factors in the Developmental Cascade Model

A

Moderating factors: Things that change the strength of a relationship. For example, if stress affects grades, sleep might change how much stress impacts grades

Mediating factors: Things that explain how or why a relationship exists. For example, if stress affects grades, anxiety might be the reason stress impacts grades

42
Q

What are the three mechanisms involved in the regulation of genes?

A

Histone modification, DNA methylation, micro RNA

43
Q

Genome vs Epigenome

A

Genome: genetic material of an organism encoded in DNA.
Epigenome: chemical changes to an organism’s DNA and histone proteins.

44
Q

Identify each of the following (using the amount of chromosomes and the sex chromosomes present)

47, XYY
46, XX
47, XXY
45, X
47, XX

A

XYY syndrome
Biological female
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Down syndrome

45
Q

What occurs in each of the following:

Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome

A

Down syndrome - intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities
Klinefelter syndrome - physical abnormalities
Turner syndrome - females, intellectual disabilities and sexual underdevelopment
XYY syndrome - above-average height

46
Q

What is fast mapping?

A

Learning the correct referent of a word after only one or two labellings

47
Q

What biases do children rely on to learn words?

A

Shape bias
Mutual exclusivity
Social reasoning

48
Q

What are the five different stages of Selman’s role taking and their age ranges?

A

Egocentric (3-6 years)
Subjective (6-8 years)
Self-reflective (8-10 years)
Mutual (10-12 years)
Societal (12+ years)

49
Q

What are the stages of self-concept, their ages, and their features?

A

Infancy (0-1 yo): Gaze
Toddlerhood (1-2 yo): Pronouns; Body control; “Self”
Early ch. (3-5 yo): Higher order, integrated abstract
descriptors
Mid. ch. (6-9 yo): Conflicting, abstract descriptors; egocentrism
Late ch. (9-11 yo): Others’ perceptions; some grouping of descriptors; values
Early adol. (12-14 yo): Observable descriptions, preferences, possessions; unrealistic optimism
Late adol. (15-18 yo): Realistic abilities; social comparisons

50
Q

What are the symptoms of Broca’s Aphasia

A
  • No problem understanding, but
    slow, poorly articulated and
    ungrammatical speech
  • Prepositions, articles,
    conjunctions often left out, speech
    can be laborious and halting, with
    scrambled sentences
51
Q

What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s Aphasia

A
  • Difficulty accessing verbs, nouns,
    adjectives
  • Fluent speech that is completely
    lacking in sense
52
Q

What does it mean for an infant to dishabituate?

A

They stop being bored, because they notice a change in the stimulus

53
Q

What is polygenic inheritance?

A

When traits are governed by more than one gene

54
Q

What is Fragile-X syndrome?

A

Silencing of gene and absence of gene product, inhibiting brain development

55
Q

What happens in Phenylketonuria (PKU)?

A

Individuals are unable to metabolise phenylalanine

56
Q

Who does Marasmus affect?

A

Babies who receive insufficient protein and too few calories.
This can occur if mother is malnourished or if baby is separated from mother.

57
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Marasmus?

A

Babies become frail and wrinkled in appearance, growth stops, body tissues waste away
If child survives they may become smaller and suffer from impaired development

58
Q

Who does Kwashiorkor affect?

A

Children who receive enough calories but not enough protein.

59
Q

What are some of the symptoms of Kwashiorkor?

A

Hair thins, the face, legs and abdomen swell with water and skin lesions develop

60
Q

What are the three phases of prenatal development and their time periods?

A

Zygote (0 - 14 days)
Embryo (3 - 8 weeks)
Fetus (9 weeks - birth)

61
Q

What occurs in each of the three phases of prenatal development?

A

Zygote
From conception to implantation into uterus wall

Embryo
Virtually all major organs formed

Fetus
Major organs begin functioning and organism grows

62
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

Ball-like structure that contains 60 - 80 cells, within 4 days of conception

63
Q

___ of fertilised ova are firmly implanted
___ of those are genetically abnormal/fail to develop, or burrow into bad site
Hence, ___ of zygotes fail to survive initial phase of development

A

Half
Half
Three quarters

64
Q

What does the Behaviourist view of language suggest?

A

Language is learned through imitation and reinforcement

65
Q

What does the Linguistic view of language suggest?

A

Suggests an innate language mechanism due to rapid, universal learning and creative language use
Critiques behaviourism; argues input is insufficient for language acquisition

66
Q

What does the Statistical Learning view of language suggest?

A

Language learned through experience and identifying patterns
Emphasises implicit learning over innate principles

67
Q

What does the Social-Interactionist view of language suggest?

A

Language acquired through social interactions

68
Q

At what age does each substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage occur?

A

Substage 1 (birth–1 month)
Substage 2 (1–4 months)
Substage 3 (4–8 months)
Substage 4 (8–12 months)
Substage 5 (12–18 months)
Substage 6 (18–24 months)

PSYC20008 Dev Psych (1 decks)

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