Exam Flashcards
Fill in the blanks: stable, fluid
Self-concept is more ______, whereas identity is more ______ across development
Self-concept is more fluid, whereas identity is more stable across development
What are the 6 factors related to emotion?
Physiological experiences
Neural responses
Cognitions
Motivation to take action
Emotional expressions
Feelings
Most human cells contain __ pairs of chromosomes
23
What is self-concept?
Thoughts and attitudes about one’s physical, social and internal characteristics
At what age do most children show evidence of false belief understanding?
Five years of age
What are the four ethical principles that researchers must adhere to?
Respect
Justice
Beneficence & Non-Maleficence
Merit & Integrity
What are the five systems in the bioecological approach?
Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem
Which of the following is most important for a child’s development?
A. Friends
B. Siblings
C. Both
C. Both
Peer groups are one of the ______ forms of relationship
Most complex
The Social Learning Theory posits that children learn by…
Observing the behaviour of others, observing how others react to those behaviours, and then observing how they (the child) feel about those behaviours
When do infants specialise towards their native language’s phonemes?
By around 12 months
Because infants lose ability to hear non-native phonetic contrasts around this time to enhance their speech perception and efficiency in their native language
What is the habituation paradigm?
Infants lose interest if presented with the same stimulus repeatedly. Helps to determine whether infants perceive two sounds as the same
Phonemes vs Phones
Phonemes
Unit of sound in a language, shortest segment of speech that distinguishes two words
Phones
Any distinct speech sound regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to word meaning
How does using child-directed speech (CDS) affect child language development?
It speeds it up
How did Piaget view private speech differently to Vygotsky?
Piaget
Considered private speech to be egocentric
Vygotsky
Considered it to be important for self-guidance, helping children regulate behaviour and selecting an action. Argued it was a foundation for more complex cognitive processes
Describe the differences between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theory, with reference to developmental stages, the role of social interaction, the role of language and their approaches to learning
Developmental Stages:
Piaget: Four stages with specific age ranges
Vygotsky: Continuous development influenced by social interaction
Role of Social Interaction:
Piaget: Limited role; focus on individual learning
Vygotsky: Central role; learning through interaction with others
Role of Language:
Piaget: Relatively unimportant
Vygotsky: Language drives cognitive development
Learning Approach:
Piaget: Children learn through self-discovery
Vygotsky: Children learn through guided interactions
Features of substage 6 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory
- Enduring mental representation, greater language use and pretend play indicating symbolic thought
- End of sensorimotor stage
Feature of substage 5 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory
- Activate exploration of potential object uses
Features of substage 4 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory
- Beginning to search for hidden objects
- Object permanence
- Fragile mental representation
Features of substage 3 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory
- Actions on objects
- Repetition of actions that result in pleasurable or interesting outcome
Features of substage 2 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory
- Organise reflexes
- Integrate actions
Features of substage 1 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory
- Modify reflexes to adapt to environment
- Centred on own body
What are 5 gross motor milestones and the average age at which they occur?
Able to lift head (2 months)
Can sit independently (4 months)
Crawls on hands and knees (8 months)
Pulls to stand (9 months)
Walking (12 months)
Name and explain the three contrasting views on cognitive development
Piaget
Cognition comes from child acting on physical world as an autonomous, active individual
Core knowledge
Infants are born with several domain specific core knowledge systems
Vygotsky
Children are active knowledge seekers, but not as solitary agents. Social and cultural context profoundly affects cognitive development
What does the formal operational stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?
Focus: Abstract thinking and logical reasoning
Key Feature: Ability to hypothesise and use deductive reasoning
What does the concrete operational stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?
Focus: Concrete operations and logical thinking
Key Feature: Conservation and reversibility
What does the pre-operational stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?
Focus: Language and symbolic thinking
Key Feature: Egocentrism and animism
What does the sensorimotor stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?
Focus: Sensory experiences and motor actions
Key Feature: Object permanence develops
What are the four stages of Piaget’s Theory and at what ages do they occur?
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Pre-operational (2-7 years)
Concrete operational (7-11 years)
Formal operational (11+ years)
Which of these is correct?
A. Grey matter volume decreases with age
B. Grey matter volume increases with age
C. White matter volume decreases with age
D. White matter volume increases with age
A. Grey matter volume decreases with age
What is an allele?
Inherited in pairs (one from each parent), is a variant of a gene and can be dominant or recessive.
e.g. one allele codes for brown eyes
List 3 methods used to investigate the brain
fMRI, EEG, PET scan
Neural development begins with a process called?
Neurogenesis (making new neurons)
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: produces 2 identical daughter cells, each with same amount of chromosomes as parent cell
Meiosis: Includes two rounds of division, creating 4 daughter cells, with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell (gametes)
In recessive gene type disorders, what is the nature of the genetic risk?
It is under the governance of a specific gene
Where is Huntington’s disease located in the body and who can it be inherited from
It’s located on the Huntington gene on chromosome 4, and can be inherited from either parent
What is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein product called?
A gene
What does the chi-square value (C2) indicate?
X2(5, n = 200) = 12.75, p = .03
The amount of variation within the contingency table that is due to the relationship between variables
What is theory of mind?
The attribution of mental states to oneself and to other people. Understanding how people’s mental states influence behaviour
What does each of the four numbers in this equation represent?
X2(5, n = 200) = 12.75, p = .03
χ2: Test type
(5): Degrees of freedom (number of categories minus 1)
n=200: Sample size
12.75: Chi-square test statistic
p=.03: P-value indicating statistical significance (less than .05 usually statistically significant)
Moderating vs Mediating factors in the Developmental Cascade Model
Moderating factors: Things that change the strength of a relationship. For example, if stress affects grades, sleep might change how much stress impacts grades
Mediating factors: Things that explain how or why a relationship exists. For example, if stress affects grades, anxiety might be the reason stress impacts grades
What are the three mechanisms involved in the regulation of genes?
Histone modification, DNA methylation, micro RNA
Genome vs Epigenome
Genome: genetic material of an organism encoded in DNA.
Epigenome: chemical changes to an organism’s DNA and histone proteins.
Identify each of the following (using the amount of chromosomes and the sex chromosomes present)
47, XYY
46, XX
47, XXY
45, X
47, XX
XYY syndrome
Biological female
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
Down syndrome
What occurs in each of the following:
Down syndrome
Klinefelter syndrome
Turner syndrome
XYY syndrome
Down syndrome - intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities
Klinefelter syndrome - physical abnormalities
Turner syndrome - females, intellectual disabilities and sexual underdevelopment
XYY syndrome - above-average height
What is fast mapping?
Learning the correct referent of a word after only one or two labellings
What biases do children rely on to learn words?
Shape bias
Mutual exclusivity
Social reasoning
What are the five different stages of Selman’s role taking and their age ranges?
Egocentric (3-6 years)
Subjective (6-8 years)
Self-reflective (8-10 years)
Mutual (10-12 years)
Societal (12+ years)
What are the stages of self-concept, their ages, and their features?
Infancy (0-1 yo): Gaze
Toddlerhood (1-2 yo): Pronouns; Body control; “Self”
Early ch. (3-5 yo): Higher order, integrated abstract
descriptors
Mid. ch. (6-9 yo): Conflicting, abstract descriptors; egocentrism
Late ch. (9-11 yo): Others’ perceptions; some grouping of descriptors; values
Early adol. (12-14 yo): Observable descriptions, preferences, possessions; unrealistic optimism
Late adol. (15-18 yo): Realistic abilities; social comparisons
What are the symptoms of Broca’s Aphasia
- No problem understanding, but
slow, poorly articulated and
ungrammatical speech - Prepositions, articles,
conjunctions often left out, speech
can be laborious and halting, with
scrambled sentences
What are the symptoms of Wernicke’s Aphasia
- Difficulty accessing verbs, nouns,
adjectives - Fluent speech that is completely
lacking in sense
What does it mean for an infant to dishabituate?
They stop being bored, because they notice a change in the stimulus
What is polygenic inheritance?
When traits are governed by more than one gene
What is Fragile-X syndrome?
Silencing of gene and absence of gene product, inhibiting brain development
What happens in Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Individuals are unable to metabolise phenylalanine
Who does Marasmus affect?
Babies who receive insufficient protein and too few calories.
This can occur if mother is malnourished or if baby is separated from mother.
What are some of the symptoms of Marasmus?
Babies become frail and wrinkled in appearance, growth stops, body tissues waste away
If child survives they may become smaller and suffer from impaired development
Who does Kwashiorkor affect?
Children who receive enough calories but not enough protein.
What are some of the symptoms of Kwashiorkor?
Hair thins, the face, legs and abdomen swell with water and skin lesions develop
What are the three phases of prenatal development and their time periods?
Zygote (0 - 14 days)
Embryo (3 - 8 weeks)
Fetus (9 weeks - birth)
What occurs in each of the three phases of prenatal development?
Zygote
From conception to implantation into uterus wall
Embryo
Virtually all major organs formed
Fetus
Major organs begin functioning and organism grows
What is a blastocyst?
Ball-like structure that contains 60 - 80 cells, within 4 days of conception
___ of fertilised ova are firmly implanted
___ of those are genetically abnormal/fail to develop, or burrow into bad site
Hence, ___ of zygotes fail to survive initial phase of development
Half
Half
Three quarters
What does the Behaviourist view of language suggest?
Language is learned through imitation and reinforcement
What does the Linguistic view of language suggest?
Suggests an innate language mechanism due to rapid, universal learning and creative language use
Critiques behaviourism; argues input is insufficient for language acquisition
What does the Statistical Learning view of language suggest?
Language learned through experience and identifying patterns
Emphasises implicit learning over innate principles
What does the Social-Interactionist view of language suggest?
Language acquired through social interactions
At what age does each substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage occur?
Substage 1 (birth–1 month)
Substage 2 (1–4 months)
Substage 3 (4–8 months)
Substage 4 (8–12 months)
Substage 5 (12–18 months)
Substage 6 (18–24 months)
