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PSYC20008 Dev Psych > Exam > Flashcards

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1
Q

Fill in the blanks: stable, fluid

Self-concept is more ______, whereas identity is more ______ across development

A

Self-concept is more fluid, whereas identity is more stable across development

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2
Q

What are the 6 factors related to emotion?

A

Physiological experiences
Neural responses
Cognitions
Motivation to take action
Emotional expressions
Feelings

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3
Q

Most human cells contain __ pairs of chromosomes

A

23

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4
Q

What is self-concept?

A

Thoughts and attitudes about one’s physical, social and internal characteristics

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5
Q

At what age do most children show evidence of false belief understanding?

A

Five years of age

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6
Q

What are the four ethical principles that researchers must adhere to?

A

Respect
Justice
Beneficence & Non-Maleficence
Merit & Integrity

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7
Q

What are the five systems in the bioecological approach?

A

Microsystem
Mesosystem
Exosystem
Macrosystem
Chronosystem

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8
Q

Which of the following is most important for a child’s development?
A. Friends
B. Siblings
C. Both

A

C. Both

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9
Q

Peer groups are one of the ______ forms of relationship

A

Most complex

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10
Q

The Social Learning Theory posits that children learn by…

A

Observing the behaviour of others, observing how others react to those behaviours, and then observing how they (the child) feel about those behaviours

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11
Q

When do infants specialise towards their native language’s phonemes?

A

By around 12 months

Because infants lose ability to hear non-native phonetic contrasts around this time to enhance their speech perception and efficiency in their native language

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12
Q

What is the habituation paradigm?

A

Infants lose interest if presented with the same stimulus repeatedly. Helps to determine whether infants perceive two sounds as the same

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13
Q

Phonemes vs Phones

A

Phonemes
Unit of sound in a language, shortest segment of speech that distinguishes two words

Phones
Any distinct speech sound regardless of whether the exact sound is critical to word meaning

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14
Q

How does using child-directed speech (CDS) affect child language development?

A

It speeds it up

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15
Q

How did Piaget view private speech differently to Vygotsky?

A

Piaget
Considered private speech to be egocentric

Vygotsky
Considered it to be important for self-guidance, helping children regulate behaviour and selecting an action. Argued it was a foundation for more complex cognitive processes

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16
Q

Describe the differences between Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theory, with reference to developmental stages, the role of social interaction, the role of language and their approaches to learning

A

Developmental Stages:
Piaget: Four stages with specific age ranges
Vygotsky: Continuous development influenced by social interaction

Role of Social Interaction:
Piaget: Limited role; focus on individual learning
Vygotsky: Central role; learning through interaction with others

Role of Language:
Piaget: Relatively unimportant
Vygotsky: Language drives cognitive development

Learning Approach:
Piaget: Children learn through self-discovery
Vygotsky: Children learn through guided interactions

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17
Q

Features of substage 6 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Enduring mental representation, greater language use and pretend play indicating symbolic thought
  • End of sensorimotor stage
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18
Q

Feature of substage 5 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Activate exploration of potential object uses
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19
Q

Features of substage 4 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Beginning to search for hidden objects
  • Object permanence
  • Fragile mental representation
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20
Q

Features of substage 3 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Actions on objects
  • Repetition of actions that result in pleasurable or interesting outcome
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21
Q

Features of substage 2 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Organise reflexes
  • Integrate actions
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22
Q

Features of substage 1 of the sensorimotor stage in Piaget’s theory

A
  • Modify reflexes to adapt to environment
  • Centred on own body
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23
Q

What are 5 gross motor milestones and the average age at which they occur?

A

Able to lift head (2 months)
Can sit independently (4 months)
Crawls on hands and knees (8 months)
Pulls to stand (9 months)
Walking (12 months)

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24
Q

Name and explain the three contrasting views on cognitive development

A

Piaget
Cognition comes from child acting on physical world as an autonomous, active individual

Core knowledge
Infants are born with several domain specific core knowledge systems

Vygotsky
Children are active knowledge seekers, but not as solitary agents. Social and cultural context profoundly affects cognitive development

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25
What does the formal operational stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?
Focus: Abstract thinking and logical reasoning Key Feature: Ability to hypothesise and use deductive reasoning
26
What does the concrete operational stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?
Focus: Concrete operations and logical thinking Key Feature: Conservation and reversibility
27
What does the pre-operational stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?
Focus: Language and symbolic thinking Key Feature: Egocentrism and animism
28
What does the sensorimotor stage primarily focus on, and what is one notable feature of this stage?
Focus: Sensory experiences and motor actions Key Feature: Object permanence develops
29
What are the four stages of Piaget's Theory and at what ages do they occur?
Sensorimotor (0-2 years) Pre-operational (2-7 years) Concrete operational (7-11 years) Formal operational (11+ years)
30
Which of these is correct? A. Grey matter volume decreases with age B. Grey matter volume increases with age C. White matter volume decreases with age D. White matter volume increases with age
A. Grey matter volume decreases with age
31
What is an allele?
Inherited in pairs (one from each parent), is a variant of a gene and can be dominant or recessive. e.g. one allele codes for brown eyes
32
List 3 methods used to investigate the brain
fMRI, EEG, PET scan
33
Neural development begins with a process called?
Neurogenesis (making new neurons)
34
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis: produces 2 identical daughter cells, each with same amount of chromosomes as parent cell Meiosis: Includes two rounds of division, creating 4 daughter cells, with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell (gametes)
35
In recessive gene type disorders, what is the nature of the genetic risk?
It is under the governance of a specific gene
36
Where is Huntington's disease located in the body and who can it be inherited from
It's located on the Huntington gene on chromosome 4, and can be inherited from either parent
37
What is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein product called?
A gene
38
What does the chi-square value (C2) indicate? X2(5, n = 200) = *12.75*, p = .03
The amount of variation within the contingency table that is due to the relationship between variables
39
What is theory of mind?
The attribution of mental states to oneself and to other people. Understanding how people’s mental states influence behaviour
40
What does each of the four numbers in this equation represent? X2(5, n = 200) = 12.75, p = .03
χ2: Test type (5): Degrees of freedom (number of categories minus 1) n=200: Sample size 12.75: Chi-square test statistic p=.03: P-value indicating statistical significance (less than .05 usually statistically significant)
41
Moderating vs Mediating factors in the Developmental Cascade Model
Moderating factors: Things that change the strength of a relationship. For example, if stress affects grades, sleep might change how much stress impacts grades Mediating factors: Things that explain how or why a relationship exists. For example, if stress affects grades, anxiety might be the reason stress impacts grades
42
What are the three mechanisms involved in the regulation of genes?
Histone modification, DNA methylation, micro RNA
43
Genome vs Epigenome
Genome: genetic material of an organism encoded in DNA. Epigenome: chemical changes to an organism's DNA and histone proteins.
44
Identify each of the following (using the amount of chromosomes and the sex chromosomes present) 47, XYY 46, XX 47, XXY 45, X 47, XX
XYY syndrome Biological female Klinefelter syndrome Turner syndrome Down syndrome
45
What occurs in each of the following: Down syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Turner syndrome XYY syndrome
Down syndrome - intellectual disabilities and physical abnormalities Klinefelter syndrome - physical abnormalities Turner syndrome - females, intellectual disabilities and sexual underdevelopment XYY syndrome - above-average height
46
What is fast mapping?
Learning the correct referent of a word after only one or two labellings
47
What biases do children rely on to learn words?
Shape bias Mutual exclusivity Social reasoning
48
What are the five different stages of Selman's role taking and their age ranges?
Egocentric (3-6 years) Subjective (6-8 years) Self-reflective (8-10 years) Mutual (10-12 years) Societal (12+ years)
49
What are the stages of self-concept, their ages, and their features?
Infancy (0-1 yo): *Gaze* Toddlerhood (1-2 yo): *Pronouns; Body control; “Self”* Early ch. (3-5 yo): *Higher order, integrated abstract descriptors* Mid. ch. (6-9 yo): *Conflicting, abstract descriptors; egocentrism* Late ch. (9-11 yo): *Others’ perceptions; some grouping of descriptors; values* Early adol. (12-14 yo): *Observable descriptions, preferences, possessions; unrealistic optimism* Late adol. (15-18 yo): *Realistic abilities; social comparisons*
50
What are the symptoms of Broca's Aphasia
- No problem understanding, but slow, poorly articulated and ungrammatical speech - Prepositions, articles, conjunctions often left out, speech can be laborious and halting, with scrambled sentences
51
What are the symptoms of Wernicke's Aphasia
- Difficulty accessing verbs, nouns, adjectives - Fluent speech that is completely lacking in sense
52
What does it mean for an infant to dishabituate?
They stop being bored, because they notice a change in the stimulus
53
What is polygenic inheritance?
When traits are governed by more than one gene
54
What is Fragile-X syndrome?
Silencing of gene and absence of gene product, inhibiting brain development
55
What happens in Phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Individuals are unable to metabolise phenylalanine
56
Who does Marasmus affect?
Babies who receive insufficient protein and too few calories. This can occur if mother is malnourished or if baby is separated from mother.
57
What are some of the symptoms of Marasmus?
Babies become frail and wrinkled in appearance, growth stops, body tissues waste away If child survives they may become smaller and suffer from impaired development
58
Who does Kwashiorkor affect?
Children who receive enough calories but not enough protein.
59
What are some of the symptoms of Kwashiorkor?
Hair thins, the face, legs and abdomen swell with water and skin lesions develop
60
What are the three phases of prenatal development and their time periods?
Zygote (0 - 14 days) Embryo (3 - 8 weeks) Fetus (9 weeks - birth)
61
What occurs in each of the three phases of prenatal development?
Zygote From conception to implantation into uterus wall Embryo Virtually all major organs formed Fetus Major organs begin functioning and organism grows
62
What is a blastocyst?
Ball-like structure that contains 60 - 80 cells, within 4 days of conception
63
___ of fertilised ova are firmly implanted ___ of those are genetically abnormal/fail to develop, or burrow into bad site Hence, ___ of zygotes fail to survive initial phase of development
Half Half Three quarters
64
What does the Behaviourist view of language suggest?
Language is learned through imitation and reinforcement
65
What does the Linguistic view of language suggest?
Suggests an innate language mechanism due to rapid, universal learning and creative language use Critiques behaviourism; argues input is insufficient for language acquisition
66
What does the Statistical Learning view of language suggest?
Language learned through experience and identifying patterns Emphasises implicit learning over innate principles
67
What does the Social-Interactionist view of language suggest?
Language acquired through social interactions
68
At what age does each substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage occur?
Substage 1 (birth–1 month) Substage 2 (1–4 months) Substage 3 (4–8 months) Substage 4 (8–12 months) Substage 5 (12–18 months) Substage 6 (18–24 months)

PSYC20008 Dev Psych (1 decks)

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