Exam

Question 1

What are the main types of lipoproteins involved in lipid transport?

Answer 1

Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, HDL, and Lipoprotein

Question 2

What is the primary function of chylomicrons?

Answer 2

Chylomicrons transport dietary lipids from the intestines to other locations in the body​

Question 3

What is the role of VLDL in lipid metabolism?

Answer 3

VLDL transports triglycerides from the liver to peripheral tissues​

Question 4

What is the primary function of LDL?

Answer 4

LDL delivers cholesterol to cells throughout the body and is often referred to as “bad” cholesterol due to its association with atherosclerosis

Question 5

What is the function of HDL in the body

Answer 5

HDL is involved in reverse cholesterol transport, carrying cholesterol away from the arteries and back to the liver for excretion or re-utilization, often termed “good” cholesterol

Question 6

How are lipids transported in the blood?

Answer 6

Lipids are transported in the blood in the form of lipoproteins because they are insoluble in plasma.

Question 7

What are the steps involved in lipoprotein metabolism?

Answer 7

• Lipoprotein metabolism involves the absorption of dietary fats
• packaging into chylomicrons, conversion to VLDL by the liver
• further breakdown into LDL and HDL in the bloodstream.

Question 8

What is the mechanism of action of bile acid-binding resins?

Answer 8

They bind bile acids in the gut, preventing their reabsorption, leading to increased hepatic cholesterol conversion to bile acids and reduced LDL-C levels.

Question 9

What are the common adverse effects of bile acid-binding resins?

Answer 9

They can cause gastrointestinal disturbances and interact with other drugs by binding to them in the gut​​.

Question 10

How does ezetimibe work to lower cholesterol?

Answer 10

Ezetimibe inhibits cholesterol absorption in the small intestine, reducing the amount of cholesterol delivered to the liver​​.

Question 11

What are the adverse effects and drug interactions of ezetimibe?

Answer 11

Ezetimibe is generally well-tolerated; side effects may include:
- headache
- myalgia
- it can interact with statins to enhance their cholesterol-lowering effect​.

Question 12

What is the mechanism of action of fibric acid derivatives?

Answer 12

They activate PPARα, increasing lipoprotein lipase’s expression, which enhances triglyceride breakdown​.

Question 13

What are the adverse effects and drug interactions of fibric acid derivatives?

Answer 13

Adverse effects include
- gastrointestinal disturbances, pancreatitis
- myopathies;
- they interact with statins, increasing the risk of muscle toxicity​​.

Question 14

How does niacin help manage hyperlipidemia?

Answer 14

Niacin inhibits hepatic triglyceride production and VLDL secretion, reducing LDL and triglyceride levels.

Question 15

What are the main adverse effects and drug interactions of niacin?

Answer 15

Adverse effects include:
- skin flushing
- liver enzyme elevation
- insulin resistance
- it interacts with statins, potentially increasing the risk of myopathy

Question 16

How do statins vary in potency?

Answer 16

Potency varies among statins, with atorvastatin and rosuvastatin being among the most potent in lowering LDL-C​

Question 17

What are the primary metabolic pathways for statins?

Answer 17

Statins are metabolized by the liver, primarily through CYP3A4 and CYP2C9 enzymes, affecting their interaction with other drugs.

Question 18

What are common drug interactions with statins?

Answer 18

Statins interact with other drugs metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2C9, such as erythromycin and itraconazole, and can increase warfarin levels​.

Question 19

How do bile acid-binding resins affect lipid levels?

Answer 19

They reduce LDL-C levels with little effect on HDL-C and triglycerides​.

Question 20

How does ezetimibe affect lipid levels?

Answer 20

Ezetimibe reduces LDL-C by 18-22% and modestly increases HDL-C by 1-3%.

Question 21

What is the impact of fibric acid derivatives on lipid levels?

Answer 21

They reduce triglycerides by 40-50%, increase HDL-C by 10-20%, and significantly reduce LDL-C​.

Question 22

How does niacin affect lipid levels?

Answer 22

Niacin reduces LDL-C, increases HDL-C and significantly reduces triglycerides by 20-80%

Question 23

Compare the overall effectiveness of statins on lipid levels.

Answer 23

Statins reduce LDL-C by 20-50%, increase HDL-C, and reduce triglycerides by 10-40%, making them highly effective for managing hypercholesterolemia​​.

Question 24

What are the primary effects of fibric acid derivatives?

Answer 24

Fibric acid derivatives reduce triglycerides by increasing PPARα-mediated expression of lipoprotein lipase and decrease apolipoprotein C-III, enhancing lipid metabolism​​.